5.+Reformation

Reformation Chapter 15

media type="youtube" key="rZ3AFZXXX-k?list=UUAiABuhVSMZJMqyv4Ur5XqA" height="315" width="560" toc =FRQs -= Reformation FRQs - one **due in class Monday, October 22** Choose one of these # 1-7

//“Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative.”// 1. Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther’s responses to the political and social questions of his day.

2. What were the responses of the Catholic authorities in the sixteenth century to the challenges posed by the Lutheran Reformation?

//“The Reformation was a rejection of the secular spirit of the Italian Renaissance.”// 3. Defend or refute this statement using specific examples from sixteenth century Europe.

“//The Protestant Reformation was primarily an economic event.”// 4. By describing and determining the relative importance of the economic, political, and religious causes of the Protestant Reformation, defend or refute this statement.

5. Describe and analyze the ways in which the Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation.

6. Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order.

7. Compare and contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the sixteenth century regarding the reform of both religious doctrines and religious practices.

Other Reformation questions - DO NOT CHOOSE THESE - but these are here for you to see, to help with studying for the AP Exam. Assess the extent to which the Protestant Reformation promoted new expectations about social roles in the sixteenth century. Refer to at least two social groups in your response.

Trace the evolution of religious toleration as a political practice and assess the factors behind its development from the Reformation through the Enlightenment.

How did the disintegration of the medieval church and the coming of the Reformation contribute to the development of nation-states in Western Europe between 1450 and 1648?

Discuss the political and social consequences of the Protestant Reformation in the first half of the sixteenth century

To what extent did political authorities influence the course of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century?

Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation.

Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the 16th century.

How and to what extent did the methods and ideals of Renaissance humanism contribute to the Protestant Reformation?

Evaluate the influence of Renaissance humanism on Catholic reforms and the Protestant Reformation.

Analyze the impacts of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) of the social order of sixteenth-century Europe.

=Terms:=


 * due 10-19-12
 * each student will do 3 terms - these terms cover the topic for the week, which is the Reformation and the Catholic response to it called the Catholic counter-Reformation or just Catholic Reformation.
 * WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!

-Zwingli attempted to bring about a theocracy with the Church at its head -during the reformation, people wanted to unite religion, politics, and morality which is probably why theocracy surfaced -Zwingli's theocracy differed from the Lutheran ideas being as it made no distinction between an ordinary citizen and an ordinary christian || cherie ||
 * || TERMS || Who or What, where, when, why it is important: || YOUR NAME ||
 * || 15.1 ||  ||   ||
 * 1 || Indulgence || Indulgence
 * Indulgence is the full/partial reduction of spiritual punishment, caused by forgiveness of one's sins.
 * The Catholic church grants one Indulgence after the sinner confesses and receives Absolution.
 * After receiving Indulgence, the former sinner doesn't go to Hell.
 * Even before Indulgence, the church charged greatly for salvation, but more so for Indulgence.
 * However many people would dishonestly sell Indulgence to people- abiding the corruption of the church.
 * Indulgence was one of the qualities of the Catholic church that was being rebelled against during the Reformation- especially by the Lutherans. || Talia Bumofe ||
 * 2 || Christian humanists || ## 16th century Western Europe
 * 1) intellectuals within the Church who criticized their leaders for not providing the leadership necessary during those tough times
 * 2) they sought a reformed Church and envisioned a better world based on education
 * 3) sought societies based on peace and morality
 * 4) sought to emulated the ideals of the classical world, specifically ethical ideals
 * 5) they believed in academic achievement and social reform
 * 6) two important representatives of this movement were Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More— they loved classical learning and Christendom
 * 7) was supported by the clerics who supported the reformation
 * 8) because of the crises that were affecting people of the 16th century, || Jonathan Attias ||
 * 3 || Erasmus || ## Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (c. 1466-1536)
 * 1) Catholic priest, theologian, teacher, and social critic
 * 2) leader of Christian Humanism (wrote in Greek and Latin using humanistic techniques)
 * 3) his works influenced and supported the Protestant Reformation
 * 4) even though he called for urgent reform of the Church, he distanced himself from Martin Luther and recognized the authority of the Pope || Jonathan Attias ||
 * 4 || Thomas More || * 1478-1535
 * an English lawyer who studied at Oxford
 * supported Henry VIII by serving as a member of parliament and a royal ambassador
 * he wrote a book called Utopia about an ideal world where everything (responsibilities, money, etc) was shared among the people
 * the compositions of Thomas More show that Christian Humanists longed a better world as they lived through a time of dreadful changes || Emily Firestone ||
 * || 15.2 ||  ||   ||
 * 5 || Martin Luther || * Germany, 1483-1546
 * after ending schooling to work in field of law he became a priest
 * he was disgruntled by the Christian way of finding forgiveness (he felt that paying the church to do special acts did not bring you forgiveness from G-d; he greatly feared G-d, and believed Faith and moral deeds and ceremonies (Eucharist)t would allay some of G-d's fury form the people)and the corruption in the church; he learned about theology and he published 95 theses against this, casting doubt on the Christian Church's actions and hierarchy
 * the church was undermined with the publishing of the 95 these when many people supported Luther's ideas; his ideas spread rapidly and greatly challenged the higher levels of the church hierarchy; many of his supporter were form the middle of this hierarchy
 * some of his beliefs/ sayings weer
 * " by faith alone", "by Scriptures alone", " the priesthood of all believers"- these mean that the doctrines of the church would not save one form hell, but only faith would
 * He also wrote additional theses
 * His claims against the church were only the beginning of the turmoil ahead involving the church and soon he had many, many followers and other came up with similar opinions against the church yet they disagreed with Luther himself
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: small;">He greatly impacted the future of the church and Europe; his actions helped lead to the Protestant Reformation of the church and the development of the the Protestant sect of Christianity || Maia Groman ||
 * 6 || Lutheran, Lutheranism || * Lutheranism is a dominant branch of Western Christianity.
 * It stems from Martin Luther, a German Reformer, who endeavored to reform the Western church to a more biblical foundation.
 * Martin Luther’s efforts to keep the ideas and theology of the Roman Catholic Church alive resulted in the creation of the Protestant Reformation.
 * Luther wrote of his beliefs various times, as well, beginning with the 95 theses in 1517. His intentions and theories were spread everywhere, and soon the church and government were unable to control it.
 * The Edict of Worms in 1521 excommunicated Luther and his followers, developing a strict separation between the Lutherans and the Roman Catholics.
 * Lutherans mainly advocated Justification; they believed it was achieved by grace, as a result of faith, which was a result of Christ alone. || Kayla G. ||
 * 7 || Johann Tetzel || ## 1465-1519, Germany
 * 1) he was a Dominican preacher
 * 2) preached the Gospel and fought against heresy
 * 3) he was known for having sold “indulgences”, which is cancellation of worldly punishment for sins after they’ve been forgiven (in other words, it’s a way for the Church to make money off of their followers’ faith)
 * 4) Archbishop of Mainz, Albrecht of Brandenburg, commissioned Tetzel to sell indulgences throughout the Archbishop’s land
 * 5) the proceeds helped pay for St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome and partly payed for the Archbishop’s bills
 * 6) this outraged Martin Luther because the Church was taking advantage of people in order to get more money, and is partly what he was trying to change with the reformation || Jonathan Attias ||
 * 8 || indulgences **WAIT IS THIS THE SAME AS TALIAS INDULGENCE?** ||  ||   ||
 * 9 || 95-Theses || * Propositions made by Martin Luther for an academic debate that questioned indulgences and many other clerical abuses
 * The theses caused much resentment and frustration among the general public
 * His theses was a scholarly objection to the Catholic Churches’ practices
 * The theses was composed in 1517
 * Luther insisted that faith, not good works, saves sinners from damnation
 * The theses first appeared in the Holy Roman Empire
 * The Ninety-Five Theses was significant because it was the main catalyst for the Protestant Reformation || Brett Wolff ||
 * 10 || Charles V || * Lived 1500-1558
 * Ruled over the Holy Roman empire from 1519-1556 (according to the book 1520-1558)
 * he reigned over extended land in Central, Western, and Southern Europe
 * He became the first king of Spain
 * s ​connect him to the reformation - why do you think he appears in this chapter? || Yitzchak Kaminetsky ||
 * 11 || Diet of Worms || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Diet of Worms
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">It took place in 1521
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">It was not actually a diet consisting of worms lol <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">, but an assembly that took place in Worms (Varms), Germany
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">It was an Imperial Diet, meaning that the assembly was conducted by the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">It is known for the Edict of Worms- concerning Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">They declared in the Edict of Worms, that anyone who followed Luther would be punished for heresy.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Consequently, he and all his followers were excommunicated
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">After the Diet of Worms, he escaped form being persecuted, and eventually was allowed to freely practice.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This enabled for him to continue preaching for the Reformation. || Talia Blumofe ||
 * 12 || Huldrych Zwingli || * He was born in 1484 and died in 1531 from war
 * He lived in Switzerland
 * He was a pastor and theologian
 * He was one of the leaders of the protestant reformation in Switzerland
 * He preached reformist ideas in Zurich in 1518 and he challenged the ritualism, corruption, and hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church || Adina Hoffman ||
 * 13 || Theocracy || -a government ruled by divine power or the official policy is in accordance with a particular religion or religious group
 * 14 || Colloquy of Marburg || * A meeting in Germany, attempting to resolve the dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli regarding the Eucharist.
 * It took place in 1529
 * The leading Protestant reformers, Evangelical princes, and magistrates all met at the request of Philipp I of Hessen, who wished to unite the Germans and the Swiss in a political alliance.
 * Philipp hoped that by resolving the conflicting views of the two doctrines, he could develop a unified Protestant theology.
 * Ultimately, the Lutherans and Zwinglians had different views about the Eucharist, so the German and Swiss movements continued separately. || Daniella Cohen ||
 * 15 || John Calvin || * Who: He was theologian and pastor that helped develop Calvinism.
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">He studied religion at the University of Paris and law in Orleans and Bourges.
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">He wrote all of his ideas into a book called //Institutes of the Christian Religion.//
 * Where: He spent his life in Geneva, Switzerland, but he was born in France.
 * When: He lived from 1509 to 1564.
 * Why it is important: By coming up with Calvinism, John Calvin was causing even more religious diversity within Europe.
 * Also, Calvin already believed that G-d decided who is saved and who is not saved, so there is no prospect of salvation.
 * He also brought back the idea of a democratic system and gave that idea instead of using a church hierarchy like the Catholic church. || Michali Mazor ||
 * 16 || Predestination || Predestination-
 * Who/ When: John Calvin created this idea during the time of the reformation
 * What: the idea that even before the world was created, G-d had decided if each man or woman will be going to heaven or hell
 * Why: Martin Luther’s doctrine made Calvin realize that no Christian can be certain of salvation
 * Importance: this caused religious authority to stress discipline among the people, knowing that only a small group were actually chosen for heaven || Emily Firestone ||
 * 17 || Protestant Reformation || * Around 1517 Luther's 95 theses sparked the beginning of the reforomation that would take place thoughou Europe durig the 16th century
 * 1515, Huldrych Zwilingli started the reformation in France and Germany, independetn form Luther; they had similar ideas about what was wrong with the church, but disagreed with how to fix it
 * John Calvin also doubted the validation of the church and while sturggiling with this, messages aginst the church were posted on a church, in French town where he lived, many people were killed, and he left France for Geneva, Switzerland; there the town took a great stand aginst the church; Geneva was also e faced with opposing ideas from other reformers
 * one way they tried to fix the fighting amoungst the reformers was: they gathered at Colloquy of Marburgin 1529 to come to terms with one another and they generlly succeed; yet Luther could not agree with Zwilingli about the purpose and role of Eucharist and this caused new sects to develop slowly- Lutheranism and Calvinism
 * The refromation greatly shaped Christianity, adding many sects to the religion; during this rebelious time against the church many refomers disliked the current way the church was run, but diagreed how it should be fixed/ reformed, thus ; Christianity and the Church in europe would never be the same || Maia Groman- for some reason it deleted after i posted it, but i did post it on time, sorry ||
 * || 15.3 ||  ||   ||
 * 18 || Peasants War of 1525 || -The German Peasants' war took place from 1524 to 1526 in modern day Germany, Austria, and affected some of Switzerland

- it was a revolt over economic and religious matters such as - departing from serfdom - protecting the gains acquired from the lack of workers during the 14th century - However Luther did not support the uprising, his doctrine "Priesthood of all Believers" came off as supporting stricter social equality that Luther himself believed. The German peasants took this and revolted to create greater social equality

- hundreds of thousands of peasants, town-dwellers, and nobles participated

- the peak of the revolt took place in 1525

- but their army was lacking with no money or military experience. This lacking ultimately lead to their defeat to the Holy Roman Empire's intervention || moshe markowitz || -believed that infants did not have the conscious ability to accept Christ during their baptism -so they decided to be rebaptized as adults so that they could knowingly accept their faith -believed faith's fundamental principles were reason and free will -pacifists who thought themselves to be saints in a world of sinners -eventually persecuted and drowned on Zwingli's command because he felt that their presence threatened his theocratic authority -their becoming martyrs introduced the institution of persecution into the Christian religion (in the attempt to unite everyone into one faith they just further separated themselves because they were violent) || cherie || -a plot of land under a parish priest - its like the papal states except a Parish is ruled by a ruler of a minor church. also the parish priest can be assisted in being a pastor. this person is called a curate. - this piece of land is different than previous European Christian land. Previously, the pope was the ruler and decided canons for all of europe that he owned. Parish land gives the ability to the parish priests to decide the canons for their own land. || Moshe Markowitz || - there were around 8 Italian wars from 1496- 1559 - Italy's city states were a part of this, along with the papal states, and France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, Scotland and the Ottoman Empire. - the wars began over a dispute for power between the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples, but the wars quickly turned into many countries fighting for territory and power - This slowed down all the countries that were apart of it from exploring and putting their money into land in the new world. instead they used their money to conquer already acquired land. || moshe markowitz || - In 1526, the Turks defeated a Hungarian army. Also, in 1529, they tried to conquer Vienna; however, they were unsuccessful. - In 1535, Because of these Turkish attacks, Spanish king Charles V tried to capture Tunis, which was under control of the Ottoman Empire. - During this time, Sultan Suleiman I, the leader of the Ottoman Empire formed an Alliance with Francis I of France. - Although this alliance was unable to prevent Charles from conquering Tunis, France helped Sultan Suleiman conquer Toulon. - Significance – Suleiman formed the first alliance that was between a Christian country and a non-Christian empire. Therefore, this political alliance posed a threat towards Christianity because there are Christians on the Muslim’s side. || Ezra Splaver || - The peace treaty was signed between Elizabeth I of England and Henry II of france on April 2 and on April 3 it was signed between Henry II and Philip II of spain. - France restored land to the Duke of Savoy and retained saluzzo, calais Metz, Toul and Verdun - The treaty confirmed Spain's control of Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia. - For France the war led to them gaining some land however they failed to change the balance of power in Italy - For Spain they gained some land and solidified there strength in Italy. || Ariel Bugay || - Well known for separating the Church of England from The Roman Catholic Church. - He started the English Reformation which turned most of England a Protestant nation. - Henry VIII wrote the Defense of the Seven Sacraments based on Martin Luther's Attack on indulgences. - The Defense supported the Protestant Reformers. - Tomas More was involved in the publishing of the book. - Pope leo X rewarded Henry VIII with the title defender of faith because of the book. || Ariel Bugay || - He then became the kings almoner (distributor of alms) - As the years went on he became more and more popular and in almost all matters of state and became very powerful within the church. - He then became Lord Chancellor (kings chief advisor) - Within the church he became Archbishop of York the second most powerful position in England. - He was then made a cardinal in 1515. || Ariel Bugay || ( same as avi's mary I of England? ) || -daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Phillip II of Spain -reigned over England from 1553-1558 (only 5 years) -wanted to reunite England with the Catholic Church so she allowed several hundred englishmen to be burned at the shake since they still held to their protestant beliefs -thus earned her the nickname "**Bloody Mary**" -however, a religious settlement was never worked out during her own reign. || cherie || - Phillip’s main goals were to unite Europe under one religion – Catholicism and to wage war with the Muslims. - In 1571, Phillip, Venice, and the Papacy defeated the Muslim Turks in Europe. - However, the Moriscos – people who were secretly Muslim killed 90 priests and 1500 Christians. - Phillip then kicked 50,000 Moriscos out of their areas and made them live somewhere else. - Significance: Phillip II was able to gain control over the western Mediterranean area. Furthermore, he inherited large amounts of land from his wives thus, expanding Spain even further. Also, he was very successful in strengthening Christianity and defending the religion from the Muslims. || Ezra Splaver ||
 * 19 || Anabaptists || -began in the sixteenth century with the laypeople of Zurich and eventually made its way to the northwestern city of Münster
 * 20 || Vulgate || * The translation of the Bible in the late 4th century
 * It was written by St. Jerome who was commanded by Pope Damasus I in 382 to revises the old Latin translation
 * By the 13th century, this modified copy came to be know as versio vulgate meaning “commonly used translation”
 * It eventually became the ultimate Latin version of the Bible in the Roman Catholic Church || dani ditchek ||
 * 21 || Vernacular || * The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
 * For centuries the Bible had only been available in Latin, and church services were conducted in it.
 * Martin Luther translated the Bible into German, so more people could read and understand it.
 * His translation (the Tepl Bible) is still used today by German-speaking people. || YItzchak Kaminetsky ||
 * 22 || Parish || **Parish**
 * 23 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">chorale || * It emerged as a new musical form in Protestant Europe
 * It was the melody that the Christian congregation used to sing their hymns
 * Unlike the Catholic prayers where the professional musicians sing in Latin, in the Protestant service the entire assembly sings together || dani ditchek ||
 * || 15.4 ||  ||   ||
 * 24 || Baldassare Castiglione, // The Book of the Courtier // || * Baldassare Castiglione was one of the most eloquent spokesmen for proper court life
 * 1478-1529
 * Castiglione wrote a book The Courtier which portrayed an ideal version of a proper gentleman
 * The Courtier suggests a gentleman must speak in refined language and carry himself with dignity
 * The perfect gentleman must also exceed in more than one area of expertise—a quality of new humanistic ideas
 * This book dictated how court life should be
 * It also a demonstration of how society and the idea of humans’ purposes are shifting. From the time of feudalism where everything man did was in service of God to the transformation of society and man’s ability to accomplish his own successes || Jessica Griff ||
 * 25 || Albrecht Durer || * A German painter, printmaker, engraver, mathematician and theorist from Nuremberg.
 * His prints made him famous throughout Europe. He has been called the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance.
 * He was an extremely versatile artist, creating religious works, self-portraits, watercolor paintings, and engravings.
 * He was hired by Emperor Maximilian I as the court painter to represent the Habsburg vision of universal Christian leadership.
 * He introduced classical Roman motifs into his artwork, giving him the reputation as one of the most influential figures of the Northern Renaissance.
 * He greatly influenced artists in later generations with his printmaking. His dramatic self-portraits influenced artists up to today. || Daniella Cohen ||
 * 26 || Michelangelo || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Michelangelo
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Full name: Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">He was an Italian artist who lived from 1475-5164
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Michelangelo painted in a Mannerist style
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">His art greatly impacted the development of Western art.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">His masterpieces, such as the famous statue, David, place him among the few Archetypal Renaissance men.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Another of his famous works, Pieta, was created before he turned thirty- the first being David.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">One of his most famous and influential works, however was the fresco painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in which he painted for the Pope- in fact most of his works, commissioned y the papacy, were Bible scenes and characters.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">He painted 2 frescoes on the Popes personal chapel even.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Although ordered to work for the Pope sevral times, he was not share their faith.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Michelangelo's religious painting work signified the change from Renaissance to Religious conflicts. || Talia Blumofe ||
 * 27 || Infidels || * Infidel is an ecclesiastical term used in the 1500’s that literally means “one without faith”. It is a person who is not a part of any particular religion, and has no religious beliefs, similar to an atheist.
 * This term is usually used in Christianity or Islam.
 * Christians used this word to describe enemies of Christianity, or people that were not baptized.
 * Some people believe that these perceptions of infidelity were the causes of the Crusades and numerous holy wars.
 * Judaism, Islam, and Christianity all reject infidels because each religion is strictly monotheistic and are anti- pagan rights. || Kayla G. ||
 * 28 || Italian Wars || **Italian wars**
 * 29 || Habsburg dynasty (why is it called a “universal monarchy?) ||  || Kayla Petrover ||
 * 30 || Sultan Suleiman I || - During the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Turks took advantage of the many wars occurring in Europe, by trying to conquer more land.
 * 31 || Francis I (France) ||  ||   ||
 * 32 || Mercenaries || * A soldier who fights for money, not for the nationalism oh his country
 * During the late 1520s, many troops who fought for Charles V were protestant mercenaries
 * They sacked Catholic churches and tortured the Catholic Clergy
 * Thomas More also advocated the use of mercenaries in his Utopia in 1516
 * Mercenaries aided leaders of the reformation in the protection of their beliefs and fighting for their views || Brett Wolff ||
 * 33 || Fugger Bank || * The largest enterprise in sixteenth century Europe
 * Based in the southern German city of Augsburg
 * The Fugger family built an international financial empire to help make kings
 * This enterprise began with Jakob Fugger who was the personal banker of Charles V grandfather, Maximilian I
 * The bank charged substantial fees to pay for the service of providing and accepting bills of exchange
 * Because of their alliance with the Holy Roman Empire, the Fugger bank’s profits grew from 3 million to 7 million guldens
 * Almost half of their profits came from loans they gave to the Habsburgs
 * The Fugger bank was significant during the Reformation because it allowed for the Habsburgs and the Valois to finance their costly wars and protect their own religious views || Brett Wolff ||
 * 34 || Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis || - The Italian War of 1551- 1559 ended with this treated which was signed in 1559
 * 35 || Huguenots || * Members of the Protestant Reformed Church in France
 * French Protestants were called Huguenots throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
 * For the most part, Francis I of France tolerated the Huguenots except for sporadic persecutions
 * About 200,000 Huguenots fled France to avoid persecutions and relocated to more Protestant accepted areas
 * Francis I and his successor Henry II mostly succeeded in maintaining the balance between the Catholics and Huguenots, but after their deaths, France suffered many years of religious wars || Jessica Griff ||
 * 36 || Henry VIII, //Defense of the Seven Sacraments// || - Was king of England from 1509-1547
 * 37 || Cardinal Wolsey || -Was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church at the time Henry VIII became king.
 * 38 || Catherine of Aragon || * She lived from 1485 to 1536
 * She was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, the joint rulers of Spain
 * She was the wife of King Henry VIII
 * She refused to get a divorce with Henry after he fell in love with another woman, this led to Henry breaking away from the Catholic Church
 * She was the mother of Mary Tudor who would later inherit the throne || Adina Hoffman ||
 * 39 || Mary Tudor
 * 40 || Anne Boleyn || * She was queen of England from 1533-1536, second wife of Henry VIII of England.
 * She was a strong supporter of the Reformation.
 * Because Henry’s first wife Catherine only bore a daughter and because he was in love with Anne, he asked Pope Clement VII to declare his marriage to Catherine invalid.
 * The pope refused Henry’s request which led to a struggle for power between the religious and secular leadership. Thus, papal power began to deteriorate in England.
 * Anne gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I of England. However, Henry was not pleased that Anne could not bear a boy to take over the throne. He had her investigated for high treason.
 * Anne was beheaded for charges against her including adultery.
 * She is known for being one of the most important queens of England because her marriage to Henry presented the opportunity for Henry to declare independence from the Catholic Church in Rome. || Daniella Cohen ||
 * 41 || Thomas Cromwell || * Thomas Cromwell, the first Earl of Essex, was born around 1485 in Putney, and died in July of 1540.
 * He was an English statesman who was a chief minister of King Henry VII of England for eight years.
 * He was a strong advocate of the English Reformation, and supervised the Church of England after supremacy over it was declared in 1534.
 * He had successfully taken control by supervising the King’s legal and parliamentary affairs, joining the inner circle of the Council, and greatly influenced the elections of the commoners.
 * He is partly known for engineering a wedding between the King and Catherine of Aragon, so //he// could marry the King’s mistress.
 * This gift of conspiring and scheming along with his rise to power granted Cromwell many enemies.
 * He was later punished with a bill of attainder, death without a trial, and was executed for treason and heresy. || Kayla G. ||
 * 42 || Thomas Cranmer || * July 2, 1489- March 21, 1556
 * A leader of the English Reformation
 * Chosen by King Henry VIII as the archbishop of Canterbury
 * Henry wanted Cranmer’s help in securing papal approval of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon
 * The divorce of Henry and Catherine caused the division of the English Church from union
 * He supported the code of Royal Supremacy- the king was considered dominant over the Church
 * He published the first vernacular service, The Exhortation and Litany
 * He was imprisoned for two years for being accused of heresy
 * He was later executed, and his death was commemorated in John Foxe’s //Book of Martyrs// || dani ditchek ||
 * 43 || Act of Supremacy, 1529 || * One of several acts passed by the English parliament from 1529 to 1536 that disconnected the English Church to Rome
 * This act was instituted in 1529 in England
 * The Act of Supremacy stated that Henry is the head of the Church of England, invalidated Princess Mary, Henry’s first daughter, to take the throne, acknowledge Henry and Anne Boleyn’s marriage, and allowed the English monarchy to take away monastery properties
 * This act portrays the English’s defiance against the Catholic Church
 * Also the act proves the English progress in supporting the Reformation and taking away religious power from Rome || Jessica Griff ||
 * 44 || Anglican Church || *
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Anglican Church (The Church of England) separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1538 during king Henry VIII’s reign.
 * King Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn because he liked her and wanted to produce a male heir to his throne, but Pope Clement VII would not declare his marriage to Catherine of Aragon invalid
 * As a result, King Henry chose two Protestants (Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer) as his new loyal servants who encouraged him to pass a number of acts between 1529 and 1536, which weakened the ties between the English church and Rome.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">England would then reunite with the Roman Catholic Church in 1539 under Queen Mary I and then separate again in 1570 (When Queen Elizabeth I would get excommunicated). || Hod Marks ||
 * 45 || Elizabeth I || * Lived from 1533-1603.
 * Lived in England.
 * Her life was troubled since her birth; her father King Henry changed the course of the country to marry Anne Boleyn. He grew upset for she had not bore him a son, and she was eventually executed when Elizabeth was just 3.
 * She was the fifth and last member of the Tudor dynasty.
 * Was also known as "the Virgin Queen" for her virginity and her continuous searched for a political man to marry, yet usually ended unsuccessfully.
 * She was not very vocal in the government and hardly showed her opinion on matters; she was extra cautious with foreign affairs.
 * Was also known as the Elizabeth era for she heavily supported the arts such as Shakespeare. || Rachel Petrover ||
 * 46 || Edward VI ||  || Kayla Petrover ||
 * 47 || John Knox || * Who: John Knox, a leader of the Protestant Reformation
 * What/Where: he worked on the reformation of the church and the annulment of Roman Catholicism in Scotland until he got exiled, then acted as a chaplain for Edward VI of England until the inauguration of Mary Tudor
 * When: he lived from 1514-1572
 * Importance: he was the main influence on Scotland of the reformation of its church || Emily Firestone ||
 * 48 || Mary of Guise || # a. Catholic Queen of Scotland, married to James V until his death
 * 1) b. Became a royal advisor involved in the conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants
 * 2) c. Created Pro-French policies, and needed support from Protestant preachers and church members, but eventually tried to suppress them
 * 3) d. Tried to unite France and Scotland, was overthrown by Protestants who removed her from office || Avi Alpert ||
 * 49 || Mary Stuart || # a.Daughter of Catholic Mary Guise (Above)
 * 1) b.Became Queen of Scotland, tried like her mother to give France control of Scotland but failed
 * 2) c.Her husband, Lord Darnley, was supposedly murdered by the earl of Bothwell, Mary’s secret lover
 * 3) d.Mary did nothing to punish or prosecute Bothwell, and soon married him
 * 4) e.The Scots rebelled in disapproval of Mary’s marriage, was imprisoned by England and beheaded by the English Queen Elizabeth I || Avi Alpert ||
 * 50 || Mary I of England || # a. Also known as Mary Tudor; Mary English Queen who married Phillip and restored Catholicism in England
 * 1) b. Caused the Marian Prosecutions- many Protestants were burned at the stake for heresy against Church
 * 2) c. The term “Bloody Mary” was created because of these Marian prosecutions || Avi Alpert ||
 * 51 || Schmalkaldic League || * Located in the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Around the 16th century.
 * Lutheran princes rose up together in order to defend themselves against the Holy Roman Empire.
 * It was initially created for religious purposes after the Protestant Reformation, but soon its leaders intended for the League to politically take over the Holy Roman Empire.
 * It contained a military to defend its political and religious beliefs. || Rachel Petrover ||
 * 52 || Peace of Augsburg || * What: It was a treaty made between the Schmalkaldic League and Charles V.
 * It ended the struggle between the two religious groups, and allowed Europe to be divided into the Roman Catholics and the L utherans.
 * They had a policy of //cuius regio, eius religio// – that a person was allowed to move to the region where his faith was practiced.
 * Where: In Augsburg, Germany
 * When: It was made on September 25, 1555
 * Why it is important: The German princes were now allowed to choose which religion they could follow, even though it was limited to the Lutheran Church and the Roman Catholic Church.
 * This took away power from the Catholic Church, and gave power to the state. EXCELLENT!!
 * At this point, the princes were not only controlling the secular, but the religious as well. || Michali Mazor ||
 * 53 || Phillip II || - After Charles V gave away his kingship of Spain, Phillip II became the new king.
 * 54 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">Ferdinand || * Lived from 1452-1516.
 * He was born and was king of Aragon.
 * Married Infanta Isabella where she became the successor of her brother and became Queen Isabella I of Castile.
 * They shared their power equally and fought a heavy civil war.
 * They ordered for the final step of conquering Granada in order to finally end the Reconquista successfully.
 * They also ordered the expulsion of the Jews which ultimately ruined their economy so they therefore called for the Jews to come back. || Rachel Petrover ||
 * || 15.5 ||  ||   ||
 * 55 || Counter-Reformation (aka-Catholic Reformation) || * A reformation that was led by conservative forces.
 * Their aim was to both reform the church, yet at the same time secure its traditions against the innovations of the Protestants
 * Since the 14th century, there had been a growing demand for reform of the clergy, Christian life and the Church’s administration.
 * In 1534, Paul III became pope.
 * In 1545, the Council of Trent was formed
 * The popes that were participants of this council were Pope Paul III, Julius III, and Pius IV.
 * This Council was the central event of the Counter Reformation
 * Goal of the council was to address issues such as corrupt bishops and priests || Hod Marks ||
 * 56 || Council of Trent || * What: It was a council formed by the Roman Catholic Church discussing the Catholic system of belief.
 * It was a response to the Protestant challenge.
 * Where: They met in Trent, Italy.
 * When: The council took place from 1545-1563.
 * Why it is important: This is where they start forming the ideas of the Counter-reformation where Catholicism was being revived.
 * This council is the beginning step the church trying to gain some power that they lost during the Reformation. || Michali Mazor ||
 * 57 || Ignatius of Loyola || * He lived from 1491 to 1556
 * He was born in Azpeitia and died in Rome
 * He was a knight, priest, and theologian
 * He founded the society of Jesus (Jesuits) and was its first superior general
 * He influenced many people towards the Church by educating them and through missionary activities
 * He did all of this while the protestant reformation was going on so it made it much harder for him to do anything
 * He was named a saint in 1622 || Adina Hoffman ||
 * 58 || Jesuits || * A member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534.
 * The goal was to do missionary work.
 * The order was opposed to the Reformation.
 * Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education. || Yitzchak Kaminetsky ||
 * 59 || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 15.3333px;">Bartolome de Las Casas || # Bartolomé de Las Casas was tremendously opposed to the way that Europeans treated the Native Americans.
 * 1) He was able to persuade the monarchy of Spain to help protect the Native American’s from the Europeans.
 * 2) For instance, he received permission from Spain to pass the New Laws of 1542, which consisted of many laws that prohibited the European settlers from mistreating the Native Americans.
 * 3) Unfortunately, Spain eventually feared that the New Laws would start a rebellion. Therefore, they repealed many of the laws.
 * 4) Although Las Casas was against brutality against the Native Americans, he ironically supports the enslavement of Africans.
 * 5) Significance: Bartolome De Las Casas was not very successful in putting an end to the exploitation of Native Americans. However, perhaps he put an end to some of the Native persecution. || Ezra Splaver ||