4.+Scientific+Revolution

Scientific Revolution Chapters 16.4, 17.5, 18.4 toc =FRQs - none due - = but review these - you need to learn how to read, take notes, and use the terms to answer the FRQs. Scientific Revolution FRQs:
 * means important and worth trying to write

“Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night God said ‘Let Newton be,’ and all was light. 1. The couplet above was Alexander Pope’s way of expressing the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and Christianity. What was the effect of seventeenth-century science on Christianity, and how did each react to the other.

2. Analyze the ways in which specific intellectual and scientific developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries contributed to the emergence of the religious outlook known as “Deism.”

3. How did the developments in scientific thought from Copernicus to Newton create a new conception of the universe and humanity’s place in it?

4. To what extent and in what ways has twentieth-century physics challenged the Newtonian view of the universe and society?

“In the eighteenth century, people turned to the new science for a better understanding of the social and economic problems of the day.” 5. Assess the validity of this statement by using specific examples from the Enlightenment era.

6. Describe the new astronomy of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and analyze the ways in which it changed scientific thought and methods.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7. Explain the development of the scientific method in the seventeenth century and the impact of scientific thinking on traditional sources of authority.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8. *Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and philosophy in the period 1550 to 1750.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">9. *Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered traditional interpretations of nature and challenged traditional sources of knowledge.

=<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">DBQs - none due =

=<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Terms: =
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">due 10-15-12 (but we are very relaxed about this as we are just finishing Sukkot and so many holidays)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">each student will do about 2 terms - these terms cover the topic for the week, scientific revolution, and new art styles and new political theories happening at the same time
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!


 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">TERMS || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who or What, where, when, why it is important: || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">YOUR NAME ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">16.4 - new art styles, political theories ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Secularization || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Secularization is the process by which religion becomes more of a personal or private matter rather than public
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Did not cause people to have less of a religious faith, but did prompt a search for explanations,other than religious reasoning, to explain natural phenomena.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Secularization began in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">England and the Dutch Republic indirectly began secularism when they came out of the recessions with a more secular standpoint.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Secularism brought about the scientific revolution when science rather than religion was used to explain politics.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scientific and political topics further evolved creating a more secular society. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">edited by Hod Marks || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(1541-April 7, 1614) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Born in Crete, Greece (at that time it was part of the Republic of Venice) with the name Doménikos Theotokópoulos <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">do this one, one term, but use info from both chapters) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Started in Rome, Italy around 1570 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- a Baroque painter, a style found throughout Europe in the 1500's to 1600's that emphasized color and movement. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- born in Siegen Germany, and lived from June 28th 1577 to the 30th of May 1640. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- not only did he create art, but he also collected it <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- he ran a studio located in Antwerp and famous throughout Europe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- aside from the artistic part of his life Rubens was also a humanist scholar. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- he was also a diplomat that was knighted by Philip IV of Spain and Charles I of England <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- he painted The Massacre of the Innocents and Venus at the Mirror || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">moshe markowitz || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- a dutch painter that lived from the 15th of July 1606 to the 4th of October 1669 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- one of the best european painters in history <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- his paintings were the opposite of the Baroque style that permeated throughout Europe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- though his entire life was not all happy, Rembrandt's art remained valuable <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- rembrandt taught his talents and techniques to his students <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Rembrandt's artwork was a fusion of both renaissance and pre-renaissance culture <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- much of his artwork depicted biblical scenes as Rembrandt was well-versed in the bible. Depicting pre-renaissance artwork though the detail and individuality the art depicted renaissance culture. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- he created the well-known paintings Danae and Night Watch among many others || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">moshe markowitz || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(February 19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Born in Toruń in the province of Royal Prussia in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. His father was a merchant and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy merchant
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">mannerism || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A style of art that emerged after the Renaissance in the Italian states and spread throughout Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Started in the late sixteenth century
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mannerism allowed painters to disfigure perspective in order to display a specific theme
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A mannerist painting usually included the crowding of figures and mysterious allusions
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">El Greco was the most famous mannerist painter || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">dani ditchek ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">el Greco
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Was a painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance nicknamed El Greco. Was a practicing Catholic
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Trained, became a master in Crete, and was part of an artist’s guild, then moved to Venice at age 26, then opened a workshop in Rome at age 29, and then moved to Spain at age 36 where he worked until his death
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is known for his unique style, which impacted art tremendously and earned him a reputation as such a distinctive artist that he cannot belong to a specific style of art. He integrated components of Mannerism, the Venetian Renaissance, Byzantine traditions, and Western techniques into a dramatic and expressionistic style. Is known as the precursor to Expressionism and Cubism. Was best known for his elongated figures and phantasmagorical pigmentation.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In Spain he received many commissions and created his most famous pieces
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Inspired many poets such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis and influenced many artists of the time || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla Petrover ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">baroque (also in 17.5, do "both" terms if you
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Spread across Europe around the time of the Counter- reformation ; many Spanish controlled territories used this art often including in the architecture of their churches
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is a style of art, music, and architecture
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The name baroque means- excessive, different
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was completely different from renaissance art, because it did not focus on straight lines but more dramatic forms and emotions
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This style worked to display both images of a glorious monarch and church
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This artistic form displayed the value of practicing religion in the home and not always making it into a public show
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A baroque artist, Bernini who used art to dramatize simple biblical stories, mainly for the church; this provided art for political reasons, displaying the political views of the church and convincing more people to dedicate themselves to the Catholic Church
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this is also an exapmple of secualrism || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rubens || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Peter Paul Rubens
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rembrandt || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rembrandt van Rijn
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michel de Montaigne || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michel de Montaigne was a French magistrate and Western philosopher who resigned in the middle of the wars of religion so he could write about one’s need for tolerance and open-mindedness.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He lived from 1533 to 1592.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He is known as one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An important accomplishment of Montaigne is that he invented the essay: a brief expression to capture his need of deep, personal reflection during what he believed was a confused age of religious disagreement.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He is also known for questioning the common habit of referring to newly discovered people in the New World barbaric and rampant.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He additionally brought back the decrepit principle of skepticism, which means total certainty is never unattainable. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla G. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Skepticism || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The idea that total certainty is never attainable
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Skeptics may even doubt the reliability of their own intelligence
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Skepticism was seen between the late 16th century and 18th century due to the rise of political science
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Not only was Skepticism apparent in religion, but it was also seen in regards to the new scientific revelations
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because of the rise of the Scientific Revolution, Skepticism was more evident than ever before
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Catholic Church was weakened due to the rise of skeptics during the Scientific Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because of the rise of Skepticism, people began to question the authority of their rulers || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brett Wolff ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">9 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jean Bodin || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was a French lawyer, political philosopher, and member of the Parlement of Paris.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Famous for his work The Six Books of the Republic, through which he expressed his views regarding political matters.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He asserted that monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy were the three basic types of sovereignty, and he believed that a strong monarchy was the ultimate solution to maintain order. He believed that one person, or one defined group of people, should be the only leaders with indivisible power because multiple leaders would feud with one another and the state would eventually collapse.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He rejected the belief that one has the right to resist tyrannical authority.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His ideas built the foundation for absolutism, the notion that the monarch should be the sole and uncontested source of power. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella Cohen ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hugo Grotius || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1583- 1645
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He lived in the Dutch Republic
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was a Dutch jurist, poet, and humanist
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He wrote an authoritative description of current Dutch political matters
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His legal works improve the idea that nations are bound by natural law
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He laid down the foundations of international law
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He wrote a book that arranged the rules of the conduct of war || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adina Hoffman ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Natural laws || ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hugo Grotius gave new meaning to this term
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">laws of nature that have authority over governmental and religious positions
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">during the scientific revolution, specifically the Dutch revolt against Spain
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the concept of natural law objected to torture
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the existence of these laws helped society when they wanted to establish formal rules protecting themselves against cruelty and enforcing the laws of nature || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">16.4 - Scientific Revolution: ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">12 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ptolemy/Ptolemaic view || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ptolemy/ Ptolemaic Views
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was a mathematician and geographer but was most famous for being an astronomer.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Although he was Greek- Roman, he lived in Egypt.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He created maps of the worlds residents and of the current Roman provinces.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His most famous theory was that the earth is the center of all the solar system and all the planets revolve around it.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He is also famous for his view of the earth being round and small compared to the rest of the universe.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These accomplishments make him an important figure in growth of discoveries in astronomy. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">13 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scientific method || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A method established during the 17th based on a combination of experimental observation and mathematical deduction
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Steps include:
 * 1) Make observations regarding a specific phenomenon
 * 2) Propose a hypothesis based on the observations
 * 3) Design an experiment to test hypothysis
 * 4) Gather data from the conducted experiment
 * 5) Either accept hypothesis (and draw conclusions) or reject it and then revise it. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hod Marks ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">14 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nicolaus Copernicus
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Was a great Renaissance astronomer, mathematician, jurist with a doctorate in law, physician, polyglot (spoke Latin, Polish, German, Greek, and Italian), classics scholar, translator, artist, Catholic cleric, governor, diplomat, and economist.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Most famous accomplishment is that he was the first scientist to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology that displaced Earth from the center of the universe (sun in the center, not earth).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Was never married and had no children
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Studied at Krakow University, Bologna University, University of Padua, and University of Ferrara
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wrote a paper on coinage entitled Monetae Cudendae Ratio on the command of the king of Poland for the Prussian Diet, which included a principle that developed into Gresham's Law
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wrote a book titled De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, which held his life’s work. Some believe he that as he was dying, he saw the final copy and then passed away from a stroke-induced coma in Frombork Cathedral.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Has an element named after him called copernicium and is honored along with Kepler in the liturgical calendar of Episcopal Church with a feast day on May 23rd. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla Petrover ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">15 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Heliocentrism || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish clergyman, published his paper On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres in 1543
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His treatise attacked Ptolemy’s, a Greek astronomer, theory that the earth is at the center of the universe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He came up with heliocentrism- the earth and all the planets revolve around the sun
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">After Copernicus died, Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake for teaching heliocentrism with the goal of creating a new religion || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">16 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tycho Brahe || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A Danish astronomer known for his accurate astronomical and planetary observations.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brahe rejected the theory of heliocentrism and the Aristotelian view that the universe never changed.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He designed and built new instruments to observe the heavens, checking their accuracy periodically. Hence he revolutionized astronomical instrumentation.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was the last major naked eye astronomer, working without telescopes.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He is credited with the most precise observations of that time period.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Although his model of the Solar System was later proven incorrect, it was the most widely accepted model of that time.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The data that he collected was used by Johannes Kepler, his assistant, to develop the laws of planetary motion. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella Cohen ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">17 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Johannes Kepler || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1571- 1630
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He lived in Germany
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was a German mathematician and astronomer
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He discovered that the earth and the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He contributed three important laws of planetary motion
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was also very involved with working in geometry and optics || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adina Hoffman ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">18 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Galileo Galilei || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Galileo Galilei
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was an Italian physicist, astronomer, philosopher and mathematician.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He lived from 1564-1642
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He improved the telescope, confirmed the phases of Venus and supported Copericanism.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He also improved the military compass, observed sunspots and discovered the moons of Jupiter - which were later named for him.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His contributions to astronomy earned him the title "father of Modern Science"- he is responsible for many of the discoveries we have today. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">19 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Galen || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Greek physician from 1100’s
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Studied human anatomy, but was not allowed to dissect cadavers so he studied animal carcasses
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thought that the colors of the liquids in your body determined your mood
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Discovered color differences between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, very important circulatory system breakthroughs
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Influenced Islamic Medicine, European Medicine, and Latin medicine || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avi Alpert ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">20 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Andreas Vesalius || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Scientist from Flanders (1514-1564)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Like Galen, Andreas studied anatomy from dissections
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Challenged Galen’s work, disproved many of his theories
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Disproved the theory that men had one rib less than women because Adam gave one rib to create Eve
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Completely redesigned modern medicine, thoroughly dissected the human figure || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avi Alpert ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">21 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Paracelsus || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Born in Switzerland in in 1493 and died 1541.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Was a pioneer in the sciences: he was an alchemist, physician, astrologer, scientist, and occultist.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He believed in the use of chemicals and minerals to prevent illness and that the balance of the human body itself is balanced with nature and that is was creates good health.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He is credited for giving zinc its name from zincum. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rachel Petrover ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">22 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">William Harvey || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Born in England and lived from 1578-1657.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">English physician who wrote and described in detail the systemic circulation of the flow of blood from the the body to the heart.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wrote a book called De Motu Cordis also known as On the Motion of the Heart and Blood containing 72 pages and 17 chapters about the circulation of the blood and blood flow. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rachel Petrover ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">23 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Francis Bacon || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who: He was a philosopher and writer who advocated the ideas of scientific method and inductive reasoning.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He wrote scientific works regarding these subjects such as the Novum Organum.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He believed that knowledge is power, so it should be used.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Where: He lived in England.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When: He lived from 1561-1626.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why it is important: His works had a major influence on the development of the scientific method and led to the rejection of many Aristotelian ideas. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">24 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rene Descartes || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who: He was a philosopher and mathematician and was a strong believer in deductive reasoning. He talks about his philosophies in his work called the Discourse on Method
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He is known for his belief in the proposal of Cogito ergo sum(“I think therefore I am”); the idea that proves a person’s existence.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He is considered the Father of Modern Philosophy.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Where: He lived in France.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When: He lived from 1596-1650.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why it is important: He invented analytical geometry which was the basic foundations of calculus (later invented by Newton).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He also came up with the philosophy of Cartesian Dualism which states that a human is made up of a mind that thinks and a body that is self-sufficient and does not require the mind. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">17.5 Political Theories ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">25 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thomas Hobbes || ## <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1588-1679
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he published Leviathan in 1651
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">in this book he advocated for the unlimited power of a ruler
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he insisted that whether it be invested in a parliament or a king it must be absolute in order to overcome humans’ defects
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hobbes believed people were naturally greedy and power-hungry
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he believed that people would compete for power and therefore the government wouldn’t work
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he believed the only way to get people to follow the laws is to make them feel safe regarding social order
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he argued for a trade: the people give up their personal liberty in exchange of collective security
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">neither Parliament nor the King liked this view because they believed that they should have shared power and protect individual rights
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he was therefore viewed as a cynic with a pessimistic view of human nature || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jonathan Attias ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">26 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">John Locke || ## <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1632-1704
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he opposed Thomas Hobbes’s view of absolute power
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he did not believe kings had a divine right to rule
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">in Essay Concerning Human Understanding he wrote that all humans were reasonable and peaceful and were born with a blank slate and that everything they experience shapes their personality, which is why he supported education
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he thought all humans were created equal, which raised controversy about women’s rights and the like
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">in Two Treatises of Government he wrote that the role of government was to protect life, liberty, and property
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he saw rulership as a contract: the ruler protects the property of the people and therefore gets to keep his job
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">anytime that ruler fails to do his job of protecting the property of the people could be taken out of power
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he influenced the Founding Fathers and the way that they shaped their new government
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he was also against slavery || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jonathan Attias ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">27 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Social Contract || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A theory that all political authority comes from an implied contract between citizens and their rulers
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This social contract theory was seen in the writings of Hobbes and Locke
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hobbes believed that rulers derived their power from a contract in which absolute authority protects people’s rights
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Opposing Hobbes, Locke believed authority rested in the hands of the majority of the individual man, not the ruler
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The social contract provided people with social order and security of their rights
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This “contract” was significant because it shaped the modern subject of political science || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brett Wolff ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">17.5 Scientific Revolution ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">28 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Isaac Newton || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">English mathematician and physicist (1642-1727)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Considered the greatest single influence on theoretical physics until Einstein.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In Principia Mathematica (1687), he gave a mathematical description of the laws of mechanics and gravitation and applied these to planetary motion.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Opticks (1704) records his optical experiments and theories, including the discovery that white light is made up of a mixture of colors.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His work in mathematics included the binomial theorem and differential calculus
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Known as the father of modern science
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conducted experiments and took very careful notes on the results.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Invented the reflecting telescope which used mirrors to magnify whatever it focused on by 40 times
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gravity- Newton explained fundamental concepts of gravity.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3 laws of motion:
 * 1) Inertia- an object will stay in motion once it is in motion unless another force impresses upon it and vise versa when it comes to an object that is at rest (If you throw a baseball in space, it will keep on going in the direction you threw it forever).
 * 2) Acceleration- F=ma. Force equals an object's mass x its acceleration.
 * 3) Action and Reaction- For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (When you are sitting on a chair, it is pushing back at you as much as your pushing it with your weight) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yitzchak Kaminetsky

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">edited by Hod Marks || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">do this one, one term, but use info from both chapters) || # <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A form of art that emerged around the 17th century in the Italian states. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Classicism led to a different sense of what was classical during this time period <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Schools were formed on the idea of classicism <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Reestablished greek music and arts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- France developed this style of art as its national style <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- The style is based on geometric shapes, order and harmony of lines || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ariel Bugay || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gross || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-many skeptics began appearing during this age, especially between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-this was due to the ground breaking scientific developments that shook the foundations of their faith and knowledge (such as the concept of heliocentrism) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-people became skeptical of religion and faith, their own existence, and even knowledge in it of itself (Descartes doubted this at one point, but then he realized that that fact that he cant think and produce knowledge proves his existence "I think therefore i am") || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cherie || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He was french, born in the upper middle class <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- His real name was François-Marie Arouet (Pen name Voltaire) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He took some of the work of Pierre Bayle who was a philosopher <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He was arrested and exiled multiple times for his work (Letters concerning the English nation) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He also popularized Newtons scientific discoveries <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- After publishing Newtons work Voltaire became very popular and was elected into the royal society in London. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ariel Bugay ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">28 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Baroque (also in 16.4, do "both" terms if you
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Baroque art was unique because it contained many curves, exaggerated lighting, and lots of emotions.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Baroque art spread from the Italian states to the rest of Europe.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Baroque style glorified the Catholic Church and political leaders.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">For instance, the Spanish built Baroque churches in the American colonies.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Additionally, artists such as Bernini made Baroque style tombs and statues for different popes and leaders.
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many art historians have disapproved of the Baroque style until the late nineteenth century. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ezra Splaver ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">30 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Classicism || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Classicism introduced the application of mathematics and empiricism into art, humanism, literary realism. It also introduced Polytheism,
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">31 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Salons || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They began around the 1660s.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Salons arose during the time when women’s roles in daily life were being debated.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Through salons, newfound ideas of courtly manners pervaded the upper reaches of society.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A salon is an informal gathering that is held regularly in private homes. It was supervised and operated by a socially preeminent woman.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The topics during these meetings included love, literature, and philosophy.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Salons also occurred when authors wished to read their compositions to a group of people before publishing a manuscript.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unfortunately, the French government often feared that these salons would be a threat to its authority. And in 1661, one French author claimed that he had found 251 Parisian women to be hostesses of salons. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">18.4 Scientific Rev (and the enlightenment) ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">32 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">skeptic || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-one who denies the existence of certainty
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">33 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Voltaire || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- One of the most influential writers of his time period
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">34 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Montesquieu ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ezra Splaver ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">35 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The “woman question” || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Was first brought about right before and during the 1700s, all though out Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was a movement against the present treatment of women and their lack of education
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One writer, Montesquieu measured the corruption in the government based on women’s treatment, the worse treatment the more corruption
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many stories. Books, and papers were written about women’s independence
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mary Astell, wanted to start a private women’s college to defy the men only educational belief, she based this off of Descrates saying that education comes before traditional views
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Women greatly supported this movement, unlike most men, who believed that women were inferior because only the sperm created children; soon this theory was proved wrong as scientists discovered the females role in reproduction, the egg
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is important because it was a giant step towards women’s rights and the change in sexism beliefs || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||