7.+Absolutism+-+East

rAbsolutism Eastern Europe toc =Terms:= Attias ||  || Cohen ||  || 2. Originally called the Parlementum 3. mainly consisted of powerful nobles 4. held meetings to discuss issues and make political decisions, though __#|the Diet__ had no power without the King 5. After the Battle for Hungary (Turks vs. Austria vs. Hungary), the Diet acknowledged the Habsburgs’s right to the Hungarian throne in 1687—the Diet was the main supporter for the Habsburg aristocracy 6. Consisted of 2 __#|houses__: upper called Főrendiház (Magnates) and the Képviselőház (representatives) || # Kayla Petrover ||  || -Product of civil disorder -When Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was at power a crowd offered a petition which his bodyguards tore up. -This led to a rampage of looting and burning houses. -to appease the crowd Alexi agreed to a new law code. -It's called the Sobornoye Ulozheniye -It allowed certain serfs and peasants to have their own serf class. -It also declared that heredity is unchangeable in Russia. -It made it okay to travel between town without a passport. -And because of it the Russian nobility agreed to serve in the army || Talia Blumofe ||  || - Nobles used the parliament and demanded constitutionalism in order to weaken the monarchy. - Since there was so much political weakness, Ukrainian Cossack warriors (peasants and poor nobles from southern Russia and Ukraine) started a rebellion against the king. - In 1654, the Ukrainian Cossacks offered to give Ukraine to the Russians. - This caused anger in both Russia and Poland Lithuania and started a war between those two countries. - In 1667, the war ended and Russia conquered eastern Ukraine and Kiev. - Since Poland-Lithuania was in an even worse state, Sweden, Brandenburg-Prussia, and Transylvania tried to conquer territory from Poland-Lithuania. - Because of the Ukrainian Cossack Revolts, many Jews and Protestants were either killed or driven out of their lands. || Ezra Splaver ||  || -Jewish population was destroyed, killed by the Cossacks, Polish, and or Russians (or they had to convert to Christianity) -the Jews who survived moved into these small villages called shtetls -they once again became prosperous, but that only made people hate them even more -weakening of west europe's economy || cherie- sorry i thought they were both due today :P ||  || Cohen ||  || 2. France, Spain and Prussia, attempted to check the power of the Austrian Habsburgs in Western Europe. 3. In the East, Saxony and Russia supported the polish. 4. The fighting in poland led to the appointing of Augustus III who was supported by the Habsburg 5. The Bourbons were supported by Charles Emmanuel III attacked isolated Habsburg territories. 6. France successfully took the Duchy of lorraine and in Italy, Spain regained control over the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. 7. Great Britain was unwilling to support Habsburg Austria which proved the Anglo- Austrian Alliance flawed and contributed to Austria's military failures 8.preliminary peace was reached in 1735 but the war wasn't really over until the treaty of vienna in 1738 || Ariel Bugay ||  || What happened to the non-Catholic populations (Jews and Protestants) in Poland-Lithuania? What did this signify? ||  ||   ||   || What is the main point of this opening paragraph, and therefore the main point of the entire section? (Hint – consider the title of the section) # Why is the war over who would be the next monarch in Spain, the War of Spanish Succession, in the section about French Absolutism? How did hospitals and the treatment of disease change in the 1700s?
 * due 11-6
 * __#|complete__ ONE (1) term - but it would be nice, and a good round up moment, for 5 of you to do two terms - pick terms that are related so it is easier to complete them.
 * WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!
 * || Term || Who, What, Where, When, Why it is important || Your Name ||  ||
 * || **Chapter 17.2** ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 1. || Frederick William the Great Elector || # ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia from 1640 until 1688
 * 1) he was one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Emperor
 * 2) he wanted to receive steady income from his territories so that he could fight in the 30 years' war
 * 3) he and the nobles decided that in exchange for allowing him to collect taxes in their lands, they would receive complete control over their serfs and they would be exempt from taxation
 * 4) supplied with a steady income, he focused on bettering the military and the government
 * 5) he established absolutism in Brandenburg-Prussia || Jonathan
 * 2. || Junkers (look up, not much in text) || * What: They were a group of nobles who owned a large percentage of farming land.
 * Where: They were from Prussia.
 * When: 1800/1900s
 * Why they were important: Frederick William assumed absolute control over Prussia, and the Junkers helped him do it (unintentionally) because they were not willing to __#|join__ the commoners to fight against him.
 * This caused Prussian Absoulutism to become really strong. || Michali Mazor ||  ||
 * 3. || Frederick I || * Son of Frederick William who turned Prussia into and absolutist state.
 * Was the Elector of Brandenburg (one of the 7 electors who elected the HREmperor) and Duke of Prussia.
 * persuaded HREmperor Leopold I to allow Prussia to become a kingdom by promising to be an ally against King Louis XIV of France.
 * Helped Prussia become an important power. || Hod Marks ||  ||
 * 4. || Sweden and absolute monarchy ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 5. || Leopold I || # a. Holy Roman Emperor ruling from 1658 to 1705
 * 1) b. Part of the Austrian Habsburg family
 * 2) c. Tried to form a standing army after to replace the mercenaries lost in the Thirty Years War
 * 3) d. Tried to get rid of non loyal nobles and replace them with nobles from many different countries who were loyal to the Austrian Habsburgs and Catholic
 * 4) e. Fought with the Ottoman Turks over Hungary, war ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz that surrendered most of Hungary to Leopold (Victory for the H.R.E.!)
 * 5) f. Even after the treaty was signed, Hungary was in horrible shape after constant battles, majority of the population lost, and Leopold formed a pro-Habsburg committee of strong nobles who kept the Habsburgs in rule until the 20th Century
 * 6) g. Destroyed all remnants of the Turks in Hungary, replaced the ruins with new churches and monasteries || Avi Alpert ||   ||
 * 6. || Treaty of Karlowitz || * Signed in 1699 in modern-day Serbia to end the Austro-Ottoman War (Ottoman Empire vs. Austria, Poland, and Venice).
 * The Ottoman Turks surrendered Transylvania and most of Hungary to the Austrians.
 * It marked the end of Ottoman control in much of Central Europe and the beginning of the empire’s period of stagnation, where they still had military power but encountered major territorial losses after many years of expansion.
 * It established the Habsburg Monarchy as the main power in central and southeast Europe || Daniella
 * 7. || Hungarian __#|Diet__ || 1. a Hungarian legislative institution created in the 1290’s that was revived by Leopold in 1681
 * # 8. || # Tsar Alexei || * Moscow, 1629-1676
 * He wanted more say in religious matters, a larger more powerful army to emulate his Western rivals, and wanted more say in state policy.
 * The army went from being marly 35,000 to 220,000 men.
 * Had much control over the Russian Orthodox Church and was even named "God's direct representative on earth" by a church council.
 * He took action against a group of people who rejected the church called the Old Believers.
 * He made the government be very controlling in citizen's lives such as controlling tobacco usage, card playing, alcohol, and even how people should treat their pets.
 * By the time of his death, Russia was almos || Rachel Petrover ||  ||
 * 9. || Code of 1649 || Code of 1649
 * 10. || Stenka Razin || * 1630- 1671
 * born in Russia
 * he was the leader of a major Cossack and peasant rebellion on Russia’s southeastern frontier
 * he supported the runaway serfs from Poland and Russia who escaped into the region to find land
 * he led a band of recruits who raided Russian and Persian settlements on the Caspian Sea
 * his army of unruly rebels was defeated by the Russian army at Simbirsk
 * he was then tortured and executed by the Russian army
 * he became a popular Russian folk hero || Adina Hoffman ||  ||
 * 11. || Old Believers || * Went against Tsar Alexei and rejected the Russian Orthodox Church.
 * They rejected church efforts to bring Russian worship in line with Byzantine tradition.
 * Followers of the Old Believers including nobles and leaders endured harsh torture such as whole communities being starved or burned to death rather than submit.
 * Followers were exiled or imprisoned.
 * Russia, mid 16th century (1650-1670) || Rachel Petrover ||  ||
 * 12. || Ukrainian Cossack revolts || - Although there was absolutism throughout the majority of Eastern Europe, Poland-Lithuania did not have an absolute monarchy.- Poland-Lithuania went through years of war, which weakened the monarchs, which therefore increased the power of the nobles.
 * 13. || Shtetls || -in the late seventeenth century during the fighting going on in western europe between the Ukrainian Cossacks and other countries of that area
 * 14. || Jan Sobieski || * Jan Sobieski ruled from 1674-1696
 * his monarch was one of the most notable ones in Polish-Lithuania
 * his monarch is remembered for having a long period of stabilized commonwealth
 * he was a military commander in many wars, especially the Battle of Vienna where he won against the Turks
 * he was important because his rulership helped restore commonwealth after many uprisings and Poland-Lithuania lost a lot of money || Emily Firestone ||  ||
 * || **Chapter 18.3** ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 15. || Peter the Great || * Peter the Great lived from June 9, 1672 to February 8, 1725.
 * He is the famous ruler of the Tsardom of Russia, and later, the ruler of the Russian empire for about 43 years along with his half-brother.
 * In many wars he turned the Tsardom into a major empire and huge European power source.
 * Some believe that he led a cultural revolution that replaced the medieval social/political system with a more modern and scientific European-oriented rationalist system.
 * Peter is also known for making peace with the Ottoman empire during the Great Northern War. || Kayla G. ||  ||
 * 16. || Westernization || * A process where societies adopt Western culture
 * The civilization may adopt principles in industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language, alphabet religion philosophy, and values
 * Peter the Great attempted to westernize Russia
 * He did many things to try to accomplish his goal including, setting up greenhouses, laboratories, and technical schools, and ordered nobles and officials to shave their beards || Dani Ditchek ||  ||
 * 17. || St Petersburg || * new capitol of russia, not near moscow,
 * building of this grand city began in 1703 and ended around 1720s
 * thousands of people moved here and thousadns more worked to build the city
 * he focused on womens role, instructing them to dress in a European style, and attend salons, dinners, and dances
 * upper class learned German an French and experience a diverse and rich cultural
 * while the lower class was heavily taxed, worked to death, or stuck on fiefs as serfs
 * this city made a precedent for the rich future of Russia and its advanced development || Maia Groman ||  ||
 * 18. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Table of Ranks (Russia) || * The Table of Ranks was a list of military, civil, and court positions in Russia
 * it was begun by Peter the Great during his struggle with the previous nobility
 * it positioned people based on their service not based on seniority or age
 * after the anger of the illiterate noble class died down, the Table of Ranks overall created a well educated noble class in Russia || Moshe Markowitz ||  ||
 * 19. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Church Patriarch || * Originally, a patriarch was a man who had autocratic authority as a Pater familias over an extended family.
 * The system of such rule of families by senior males is termed patriarchy.
 * The word has acquired specific Christian-relating meanings.
 * The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East are termed //Patriarchs// (and in certain cases also Popes).
 * Historically, a Patriarch may often be the logical choice to act as one representing the community that is identified with his religious confession within a state or empire of a different creed (as Christians within the Ottoman Empire). || Yitzchak Kaminetsky ||  ||
 * 20. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Great Northern War || * Happened in the early eighteenth century
 * In the Baltic region
 * A conflict between Sweden and the anti-Swedish coalition of Russia, Denmark, Saxony and Poland
 * Charles XII of Sweden was only a teenage and led Sweden to defend against the anti- Swedish coalition
 * Charles XII destroyed the new Russian army, Poland, and Saxony
 * Peter I had meanwhile recovered and gained ground in Sweden's Baltic provinces and beat Charles at the battle of Poltava
 * Charles XII died in war and extensive negotiation ended the war
 * The war ended with a defeat for Sweden, leaving Russia as the new major power in the Baltic Sea and an important new player in European politics || Jessica Griff ||  ||
 * 21. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Battle of Poltava, 1709 || * Decisive victory of Peter of Russia over Charles XII of Sweden in 1709, a turning point of the Great Northern War
 * Charles XII had been successful toward the beginning war as he defeated Denmark, Poland, and Saxony. However, at this battle, Peter I’s newly rebuilt army rose against Sweden when Charles invaded Russia.
 * The battle is believed to be the beginning of Sweden’s decline as a great power.
 * Thanks to their victory, the Russians took Sweden’s place as the leading nation of north-Eastern Europe. || Daniella
 * 22. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">King Frederick William I (1713-1740) || * King of Prussia during the early 18th century
 * The King acquired a reputation for his fondness for military display
 * He doubled the size of the Prussian army
 * He also made sure that it was the best trained and most up to date force in Europe
 * Also known as the “Sergeant King,” king Fredrick William I was one of the first rulers to wear his military uniform as his everyday clothes
 * He installed a new system for recruiting soldiers and subordinated the entire domestic administration to the army’s needs
 * King Fredrick William I ultimately helped Prussia grow and strengthen its army during the Great Northern War || Brett Wolff ||  ||
 * 23. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">War of Polish Succession, 1733-1735 || 1. Was a major European war over princes' possessions sparked by the polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II.
 * 24. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (p. 695) || * 1689-1762
 * An English aristocrat and writer
 * In 1716 Montagu went with her husband to Constantinople and two years later she was caught small pox
 * In 1721 a small pox epidemic threatened Europe
 * Montagu had her daughter vaccinated so she would be incapable of acquiring the disease
 * She is most famously remembered for her letters and writings || Dani Ditchek ||  ||
 * 25. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Edward Jenner (p. 695) || * Edward Jenner lived from May 17th, 1749 to January 26th, 1823.
 * He was an English physician and scientist from Berkeley, Gloucestershire, who is most famous for being the pioneer of the smallpox vaccine.
 * His hypothesis was that infection with cowpox gives immunity to smallpox.
 * He is sometimes called “the father of immunology” and is known to have saved more lives than any other man that has ever lived.
 * He was additionally elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1788 because of his meticulous study of the nested cuckoo. || Kayla G. ||  ||
 * || Here are questions that should help you with your reading, you may choose to answer them or not, save them or not, use them/read them as you read or not. ||  ||   ||   ||
 * || ** 17.2: Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe **
 * 1) // Briefly // describe the problems confronting the rulers of Brandenburg-Prussia, the Habsburg lands, and Russia.
 * Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden: Militaristic Absolutism: **
 * 1) Identify **Frederick William the Great Elector**. How did he succeed in achieving absolute rule in Brandenburg-Prussia?
 * 2) How important was the army to Brandenburg-Prussia?
 * 3) Explain what Hunt means when she says that the Baltic Sea was a Swedish Lake (p. 632); explain the “absolutist consolidation” of Sweden.
 * An Uneasy Balance: Austrian Habsburgs and Ottoman Turks: **
 * 1) What did Leopold I need to do in order to protect his empire?
 * 2) Describe the **Treaty of Karlowitz**. What was its impact on Hungary?
 * 3) Describe how the “Ottoman state could appear weak in Western eyes and still pose a massive military threat”?
 * Russia: Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism: **
 * 1) How was Russia viewed by “Western” Europe?
 * 2) How important was serfdom to Russia?
 * 3) Describe how **tsar Alexei** extended his powers. How is this similar to the trend of absolute rulers across Europe?
 * Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed: **
 * 1) If Poland-Lithuania did not follow the absolutist model, then what did it do and why?
 * Russia: Foundations of Bureaucratic Absolutism: **
 * 1) How was Russia viewed by “Western” Europe?
 * 2) How important was serfdom to Russia?
 * 3) Describe how **tsar Alexei** extended his powers. How is this similar to the trend of absolute rulers across Europe?
 * Poland-Lithuania Overwhelmed: **
 * 1) If Poland-Lithuania did not follow the absolutist model, then what did it do and why?
 * || ** 18.3: Consolidation of the European State System (includes both western and eastern Europe) **
 * || ** 18.3: Consolidation of the European State System (includes both western and eastern Europe) **
 * || ** 18.3: Consolidation of the European State System (includes both western and eastern Europe) **
 * 1) What was the domestic impact of Louis’ policy of absolutism?
 * British Rise and Dutch Decline: **
 * 1) When you are done reading, can you explain Hunt’s main point about this section – in the late 1600s, the British and Dutch shared a ruler and close ties, by the early 1700s, Great Britain dominated the Dutch – how did that happen?
 * 2) Why did Scotland not want to support the succession of the House of Hanover as the English monarch?
 * 3) What were Ireland’s religious and political objections to the House of Hanover?
 * 4) What is the evidence that Dutch economic and political power dwindled in the 1700s?
 * Russia’s Emergence as a European Power: **
 * 1) List all the points of Peter the Great’s westernization plan:
 * 2) List all the points of Peter the Great’s reorganization of government that centralized his power/built power for the state:
 * 3) Explain the goal and extent of Prussian militarization (and locate Prussia on a map, p. 691, 701).
 * The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Numbers: **
 * 1) Explain France’s diplomatic service.
 * 2) Why was population studies so important to monarchs in the late 1600s and 1700s? (tie this to the book //Worldly Philosophers//)
 * 3) Why did wealthy urban people “hire men to carry them in sedan chairs or drive them [through the city] in coaches?” (p. 693).
 * The Limits of French Absolutism: ** ||  ||   ||   ||