11.+Industrial+Revolution

Industrial Revolution Hunt chapters 18.1, 18.2, 19.2, 22.4, 22.1, 24.1, 24.3

Everyone should review these economic crises from the 1600s to the present!


 * European History**
 * FRQ assignment**
 * due by Feb 27**

Choose **ONE (1)** of the essays from the pages on Industrial Revolution, -isms, Unification of Italy and Germany, and Imperialism and become the class expert on this essay/topic.
 * Look up the answer and information about the essay in AP Central, in the textbook, online, any source you can find.
 * Write a fabulous 5-paragraph or more essay based upon what you learn.
 * pack as much specific information as you can into your essay in a well-organized way
 * Do MORE than the question requires – if it says list3 things, add as many as you think are main points, if it says use two countries, cover 3, if it gives a list and says pick 2, do all of them, etc, etc.
 * **Post your answer below** **before Feb 27**


 * **Topic: Industrial Revolution** || Your Name || Link to your essay ||
 * Discuss three developments that enabled Great Britain to achieve a dominant economic position between 1700 and 1830. (2000) || cherie ||  ||
 * **2003B (#7):** Describe and analyze responses to industrialization by the working class between 1850 and 1914. || Kayla Petrover ||  ||
 * Analyze how economic and social developments affected women in England in the period from 1700 to 1850. [2005 #2] || Dani Ditchek ||  ||
 * Discuss the impact of industrialization and urbanization on working-class families from 1750 to 1900. [2005B #4] || Maia Groman || [[file:Industrial Revoltuion FRQ Final.docx]] ||
 * Discuss how the structures shown above reflect the societies and cultures that produced them. Picture (see AP Central for the pics): Arch of Triumph, Paris 1806-1836 and the Crystal Palace, London, 1850-1851. (2006 B) ||  ||   ||
 * Analyze artistic and literary responses to industrialization over the course of the nineteenth century. (2009 form B #5) || Yitzchak ||  ||
 * Analyze how industrialization and imperialism contributed to the development of consumer culture in the period 1850–1914. (2011) || Talia Blumofe ||  ||

=Terms: =


 * due 12-7-12
 * each student will do 3 terms.
 * WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!

with examples of goods traded, dates are key here (see start of 18.1) || # the triangular pattern of trade that connected western Europe, Africa, and the Americas Plantations affected Europe positively because land in europe was too valued to grow crops on it, so the new world's plantations aided European economies by putting unattainable goods and quantities of goods for sale in European markets. || Moshe MARkowitz ||  ||
 * || Terms: || Who or What, where, when, why it is important: || Your name ||  ||
 * || Chapter 18.1 ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Atlantic System (from Intro and 18.1)
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Europeans captured slaves in Africa and sold them to the Americas in exchange for commodities such as coffee, sugar and chocolate
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the Atlantic system first became established in the 1700’s and was the center of European expansion all over the world
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">due to the accessibility of new commodities that came from the Americas many new habits started forming in Europe, such as coffee-drinking
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">started roughly from the year 1690 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jonathan ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Plantations (and their effect on Europe) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A large plot of land where crops are grown for sale. Goods grown are usually not sold on-site, they are sold on distant trade routes.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Quilombos || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Settlements in Brazil where the runaway slaves hid out because they were being threatened and tortured by their owners
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the forest or the backcountry
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Some of these slaves helped provide protection for Brazilian aboriginals, Jews, and Arabs
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1695, the Quilombo of Palmares was discovered and destroyed
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It had thirty thousand fugitives in which they created their own social organization of elected kings and councils of elders || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Population explosion (pp. 675-6) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Between 1600 and 1750, London's population grew more than 3 times as much and Paris's grew more than 2 times as much
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wasn't so much of a rise in birthrate; rather, it was a decline in death rate
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Plague (Bubonic) disappeared after 1720
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There were better agricultural techniques so people didn't starve as much || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hod Marks ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Consumer Revolution || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">period beginning in the early eighteenth century during which there was an increase in consumption of goods by people from different economic and social backgrounds.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a result of economic expansion and population growth. New goods were being produced such as tobacco, coffee and calico, a type of cloth.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Individuals who were not necessarily wealthy were now able to purchase products that were necessity and products that weren’t.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was a period of transition in terms of how people were spending their money and what they were spending it on. It created a culture of consumption.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Blossomed in countries such as England, France, and Spain and eventually spread worldwide.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Culturally, the period gave women more opportunities and newfound power in terms of spending money.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It led to a wider market and eventually the development of department stores.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Politically, it formed trading relationships between various regions. It also created a sense of unity within communities because groups of people were spending money on similar goods. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella Cohen ||  ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 18.2 ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Agricultural Revolution || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Started in Britain and the Low Countries and spread to the rest of Western Europe and then to Eastern Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Four major changes occurred:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Farmers increased their farmland by drying out wetlands and growing crops on community land meant for grazing
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Farmers who could afford it turned their small plots of land into larger ones
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Livestock increased as well as its use in growing crops. Before farmers had to wait a certain number of years in between growing crops to fertilize the land but they were able to come up with a more efficient way of being able to farm all the time
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Selective breeding and better soil improved the quality and quantity of the herd of animals
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With these four main things, agriculture output increased tremendously and the prices of food dropped
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Agriculture was made more efficient creating more crops, which allowed farmers to feed the growing population.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With the surplus of crops and being able to sell them, it led to a stronger middle class because now the farmers have more money, which leads to a stronger economy. With a stronger and larger middle class, it encouraged many people to move to urban areas and take part in more social and cultural event such a going to a coffee house or a musical concert || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jessica Griff ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Enclosure movement (p. 677-8) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Started in Britain and spread throughout Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Big landowners would encourage small landowners and villages to give up their land.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Once they bought all this land, they fenced off their property (hence this is where Enclosed movement got its name)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because the property was fenced off, community grazing could not take place on the land. This became a struggle between the big landowners and the villages and usually Parliament had to pass acts to solve the issues. By the end of the eighteenth century, six million acres of common land had been enclosed.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With all the land being under a few owners, they produced food more efficiently and could therefore support the growing population
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The small owners, whom the big landlords bought out, were not forced off the all at once but they could not afford to resist the enclosure. These farmers had to sell out to the landlords.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Landlords leased property to tenant farmers who would then employ small farmers to work the land. By doing this, peasantry drastically decreased, and it was replaced by a hierarchical society of landlords, tenant farmers, and poor agricultural workers.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Enclosure Movement led to the increase of efficient farming, which led to more production of crops to feed the rapidly growing population. It also led to the disappearance of peasantry and the institution of a new hierarchy of landlords and tenants. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jessica Griff ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Urbanization (p. 678) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Urbanization
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The growth of urban areas
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is a result of migration from rural areas and the concentration of towns into cities.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Modernism and Industrialism contributed to the expansion of Urbanization.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Around the 17th century and on
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">All over the world, very much so in Europe.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As the world urbanized it became easier for kings to control their nations than in rural territories.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cities generally exercised more influence by culture, so many more people began to become swayed by culture after Urbanization.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As Urbanization occurred the separation between rural and urban life gradually toned down. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">9. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Urban social classes – list them (p. 679) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nobles:
 * Highest-ranking nobles were called peers
 * Lived in extreme luxury and held key political, administrative, or judicial offices
 * Had many servants
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Middle-class:Artisans, shopkeepers, journeymen, apprentices, servants then laborers
 * Contains officials, merchants, professionals, and landowners
 * They lived primarily in the city but some owned small estate dint he country
 * Lived more moderately than nobles but much better than peasants
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At the bottom were unemployed poor people || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jessica Griff ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Gin Act (painting, p. 680, google it too) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1750, England.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The English went through a period known as the Gin Craze where all the people drank heavily and often leaving most of society in a drunken state.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Parliament decided this can go on no further by creating laws and taxes on gin.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It prohibited gin distillers from selling to unlicensed merchants, restricted retail licenses to substancial property holders, and charged high taxes on those eligible for a retail license.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Parliament encouraged people to drink tea instead and that's where the stereotype comes from. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rachel Petrover ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rococo – both art and music
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rococo – both art and music

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-developed early in the 18th century style in Paris and was an artistic movement that influenced many forms of art from theater to music to painting to sculpting…

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-its style was a reaction to the popular style of Baroque (used in the Palace of Versailles) which was very strict and symmetrical

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Rococo is more fluid, playful, graceful, flowing. Not so symmetrical and strict, more peaceful and carefree

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Popular during Louis XV and XVI’s reigns

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-music- developed from Baroque music and is described as intimate with really refined decoration forms. Jean Phillip Rameau and Louis Claude Daquin liked this style ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla Petrover ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">12. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Pietism (p. 683)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-a Protestant revivalist movement that threatened the peace of the established churches in German Lutheran states, the Dutch Republic and Scandinavia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- this religion was very mystical, deep, emotional, and intense <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-believed in intense bible study which subsequently promoted education (need to be able to read and write to learn the bible well) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Pietists would attend catechism instruction every day and have prayers every morning and evening as well as on Sundays <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-appealed to Lutherans and Calvinists, some of whom broke off into new reforms –examples: Englishwoman Jane Leade established the Philadelphians which is Greek for Brotherly Love. Frenchwoman Jeanne Marie Guyon established Quietism. Jansenism was also established.) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-important because more reforms=more religiously diverse which can be threatening to some monarchs ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla Petrover ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-he increased fuel efficiency and went on to be used in place of most natural power sources such as wind and water <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-his design made use of steam just above atmospheric pressure to move the piston (the movable part of the engine held in a cylinder) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-his work could not have been accomplished without the help of his partner Matthew Boulton <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-this engine forever changed technology and changed the economy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-because now they can mass produce thing they could not before || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cherie ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(p. 831, but google it, not clear in textbook) ||  ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-created in Great Britain in 1833 because women and children were working really long hours doing strenuous jobs such as hauling coal trucks, working in mines… some were forced into it, were beaten, were given barely any food and no time to eat… <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-it outlawed employment of children younger than 9 in textile mills (except for lace and silk) and limited the workdays of children ages 9 to 13 to nine hours a day and those ages 13 to 18 to twelve hours a day. (Adults worked longer) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Mines Act was passed in 1842 prohibiting the employment of women and girls underground and later on the woman’s workday was shortened to 10 hours a day. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-important because it influenced other countries to create restrictions on jobs also to benefit their people ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla Petrover ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, the increased success in birth control methods helped slow the quick growth in european population. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- For example: the vulcanization of rubber in the 1840's improved the reliability of condoms, thus controlling the growth of the population. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Moshe MArkowitz ||  || - Significance: Many people tried to find an answer to the social question. For instance, artists tried to create works of art that were of the same style as art in the past, before the industrial revolution. Others tried to improve education and the role women. - These solutions were known as social reform. || Ezra Splaver ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-this happens in the second half of the nineteenth century in Europe <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-iron and steel were mass produced in order for them to be able to be used as energy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-textile making and the use of steam energy for example were primarily technologies of the first Industrial Revolution while heavy industrial products and more modern, advanced technologies came about in the second Industrial Revolution || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-this idea was around the 1870-1890s <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-the work done in such private homes was considered “finishing trades” like sewing and working with metal and porcelain painting <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-this idea is important because it influenced modern times by maintaining this even until present times || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||  || - Because of the Franco-Prussian War, Germany conquered Alsace and Lorraine. These lands had many textile industries and rich iron deposits. - Germany then created different industrial methods to sell a lot of goods. - They also invested in education, which educated people to become skilled engineers. Therefore, Germany was successful in mass marketing their goods. - Germany also built a strong military. - The US had many natural resources such as coal, metal ores, gold and oil. - In 1900, the value of America’s resources was about 13 billion dollars. - Entrepreneurs such as Andrew Carnegie (built a steel industry) and John D Rockefeller (founded the Standard Oil Company) were able to help the US grow industrially. || Ezra Splaver ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Spain’s growth of industries was mostly local <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Austria Hungary had many modern industries in some places but none in other places <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Italy’s growth of industrialization was split between progress in the north but nothing in the south, the government was not so interested in economic growth <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Industrialization in Russia progressed very slowly because the people who were interested in industrializing were serfs who were tied to the land, their progression was based on the growth of the working classes of some cities which resulted in the building of railroads, and the growth of mining and metallurgical operations, however their higher tax on vodka really strengthened Russia. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||  || - The reason for this is Capital-intensive industry – in order to manufacture goods, people purchased expensive machines as opposed to relying on workers to manufacture goods. - Because of this, more goods could be produced, so there was a lower price on goods. - However, people who sold the goods would now make less money. - Also, unemployment rate went up because machines were replacing people. || Ezra Splaver ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-all businesses employ lots of office workers <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*this all leads to the rise of the manager position <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-many women became service employees and were way underpaid || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cherie ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- They separated themselves from the poor by living in their own communities and only socializing with their peers of the same class <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- They enjoyed sports and leisure such as hunting which they did to socialize amongst each other <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- They tried to control there sons and daughters marriage so that they would only marry others in the class to keep the wealthy family going. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ariel Bugay ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- They were businessmen and professionals who lived a modest life with a nice house (not extravagant) nice pay. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Usually had one servant and began to become much cleaner using soap (which in the past only rich used) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Started using things that only the rich used to use, more things became available to them. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- started organizing there own social events and creating there own sports leagues. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ariel Bugay ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Many jobs were lost and the countries economy reduced because of the drop in stock price. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- When assessing the cause of the crash it was found that many people profited unlawfully from the company. These people were fined. After the bubble the South Sea Company continued to function for many years. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Moshe markowitzz ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-english bank system is basically failed <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-US real estate market fails <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-prominent merchant firms collapse in US <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-caused bankruptcy all over the US || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cherie ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- It happened because the economy was doing so well that banks made risky loans. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- It lead to six of England's banks to close and a huge economic crisis <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Europe, Latin America and The U.S. felt some of the affects of this crash <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- It is reffered to the first economic crisis not do to war <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- There was widespread bankruptcies, recession and unemployment all over England. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ariel Bugay ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">13. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Quietism (p. 683) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A form of Pietism
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jeanne Marie Guyon was a French woman who attracted many people to this Catholic type of Pietism
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She claimed that she had miraculous visions and amazing prophecies
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Like other forms of pietism, it involves intense emotion and simple prayer and Bible study to form a mystical union with god
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It became popular in France even though the popes were against it || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">14. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jansenists (p. 683) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who/What: They were people that followed a religious movement called Jansenism.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The movement is mostly about the belief that humans are incapable of goodness. They also focused on things like predestination and divine grace.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was started by Cornelis Jansen. The movement was founded based on his writings.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The church didn’t like this movement, so they made it a heresy.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Unigenitus was signed in order to get rid of the Jansenists.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Where: France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When: Started around 1638 and continued on for the next two centuries
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why they are important: This movement led to a lot of controversy in the church.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Different bulls were created to stop the jansenists. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||  ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 19.2 (industrial revolution, p. 728-29) ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">15. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Industrialization (and the four trends, p. 728) || # <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the development of industry on a large scale which would transform european and worldwide society
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the process of industrialization started in the 1770's and 1780's by four trends
 * 2) increase in population
 * 3) introduction of steam-driven machinery to increase output into the manufacturing process
 * 4) establishment of factories to concentrate the labor of the employees
 * 5) the production of cotton goods increased || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jonathan ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">16. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Industrialization (and textile advances, p. 728) || # <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">one of the four trends that triggered the industrial revolution was the increased production of cotton goods, which were lighter and more versatile that woolen goods
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">innovations in the IR permitted manufacturers to use the cotton that was being shipped from the americas and the caribbean
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">many new inventions, such as the "flying shuttle", the "spinning jenny", and the "water frame", increased the efficiency by which cotton was processed
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">these new inventions replaced thousands of women who used to do this work by hand in a much more painstaking way
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">all of these machines were placed in a factory and they reduced the cost, time, and energy that it took to produce cotton || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jonathan ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">17. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">James Watt and the steam engine (p. 728) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-18th century Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer -he improved upon the design of the Newcomen engine;
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">18. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">England industrializes (p. 729) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">England was the leader of the industrial revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">And there is no single answer as to why it was they
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many believe it was their large internal market, increasing population, supply of private investment capital, or from their natural resources (such as coal and iron)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was in England where the combination of improvements in agricultural production, growth in population and foreign trade, and willingness to invest in new machines and factories first occurred. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yitzchak ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">19. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Putting out/domestic system/proto-industrialization (p. 729) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This system is the reason for the great success and increase of production in the textile industry of England
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The putting out system was when manufacturers supplied families with raw materials like wool or cotton.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The families would work together on their own—in their own homes with their own families.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Not only did this help England’s textile industry, it helped the growth of manufacturing of glassware, baskets, guns, and nails. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yitzchak ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">20. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Body linen (google bodylinen ap euro) and nightclothes (p. 729) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the Industrial revolution, these things became popular.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Previously, people would not “waste” clothing on sleep—they would sleep naked (unless it was cold)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This introduced new concept of wearing nightclothes as well as undergarments || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yitzchak ||  ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 22 Intro: ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">21. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cholera (and p. 838) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The cities grew too fast for the water supply
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The rivers that supplied the water to the cities were contaminated with human waste
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This caused diseases such as epidemics like cholera
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This eventually lead to governments being concerned with sanitation and public health
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was during the 1830s-1840s in Europe || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||  ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 22.1 problems of industrialization ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">23. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Intro of this section = Second Industrial Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">24. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Growth of railroads (p. 831-2) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Britain was the mail leader in the development of railroads, starting as early as the late 18th Century
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o In the early to mid 19th Century, these developments began to spread to mainland Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o As railroads became more popular, a new working class was beginning to form and being noticed by the rest of society
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o British invested lots of money into railroads, and even built them in their Indian (the actual India, not Native American) colonies
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Railroads spread to the United States as well as the rest of the world, totaling an amazing 23,500 miles of railroads world wide by the 1850’s
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Demand for iron and coal rose because of popularization of railroads and made Britain the world leader in manufacturing || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avi Alpert ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">25. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Number of working class (p. 832-3) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Factory workers were a minority everywhere during the 1800s
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the 1840s, the percentage of factory employees were:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5% in England
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3% in France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2% in Prussia
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many peasants were both agricultural workers and factory workers:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the spring and summer, they would work the land, and during fall and winter, they would work in manufacturing companies. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hod Marks ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">26. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Factory Act of 1833 (p. 835)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">27. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mines Act of 1842 (p. 835) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The British Parliament passed the Mines Act in 1842.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It prohibited the employment of women and girls underground.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Around this time, government inquiries were focusing immensely on women and children.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Mines Act was initially passed because because investigating commissions showed that women and young children, even some under the age of six, were hauling coal trucks through cramped, unsafe passages in coal mines. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla G. ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">28. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Urbanization numbers (p. 835) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Cities rapidly grew as industries and factories spread across Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Population rapidly grew in these urban cities, rural emigration began- the migration from farmland to urban cities
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o As population grew, agriculture found ways to increase the food supply to support the growing cities, but nevertheless poverty and hunger was common
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Cities began to build zoos, parks, and greenways to “imitate the countryside” and try to appeal more to those who favored rural environments
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o Overpopulation and disease skyrocketed, many families were confined to a small living space in unsanitary conditions (rotting food and dirt everywhere! Horrible living conditions + overpopulation= disease!!)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">o There was only enough water for 2 baths per person annually (every year!) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avi Alpert ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">29. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Illegitimacy rates/numbers (p. 838)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Illegitimacy is the status of a child born outside marriage
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One quarter to one half of the babies born in the big European cities in the 1830s and 1840s were illegitimate
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Between 1815 and the mid 1830s in France, 33,000 babies were abandoned at founding hospitals every year
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">27% of births in Paris in 1850 were illegitimate as opposed to just 4% rural births
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By collecting these statistics, physicians and administrators hoped to promote legislation to better the living conditions of workers
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">But, these statistics also helped stereotype workers as helpless and out of control ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brett Wolff ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">30. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Birth control (p. 840) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">With the decreasing rate of death during childbirth and early marriages, population in many places began to rise quickly.
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 22.2 attempts at reforming the problems of industrialization ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">31. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Social Question || - The social question involved the negative social changes that occurred during the industrial revolution. - For instance, the concept if industrialization goes against romanticism. Other issues involved education, culture, and women’s rights.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">32. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Medievalism (p. 841) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Medievalism
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The system of practices and or belief characteristic of the Medieval ages.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This is often expressed in art, architecture, music and philosophy.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Around the 18th century
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This mostly occurred in Western Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Movements such as Romanticism and neo-medievalism revived medieval ideas in their philosophy.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Often used with negative connotation "Medievalism" refers often to things that are outdated. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">33. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles Dickens (p. 842) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles Dickens
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was an English author in the 1900s
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At a young age he took a job polishing shoes to pay for debt.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Later in life he published a series of literary shorts of daily life in London.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He then created a series of novels and stories, such as the famous Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His novels portrayed the effects of Urbanization and Industrialization in society.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He showed the problems of the poor in London from a personal view in his books. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">34. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daguerreotype || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The first commercially successful photographic process, created by French painter Jacques Daguerre. Daguerre first succeeded in 1837 and the invention was announced to the public in 1839.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It produced a detailed image on a silver-covered copper plate.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The invention provided a new medium for artists.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The technique was slowly replaced by more efficient means of photography, but the daguerreotype opened the door for these new inventions. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella Cohen ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">35. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sunday School Movement (p. 844) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Sunday School Movement was launched by British religious groups, and reached its peak in the 1840s.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They launched this movement because many religiously- motivated reformers were disappointed and frustrated at the indifference of the working class. Most workers had no interest in religion.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As a result, more than half of the working class children (ages 5-15) were attending Sunday school, even though most parents still did not regularly attend religious services.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">At the Sunday schools they taught the kids how to read, because many could not attend regular school during the week. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla G. ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">36. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Temperance movement || * What: It was a social movement that disallowed the use of alcoholic beverages.
 * Many Protestants and Catholics followed this movement.
 * People believed that alcohol made people less morally upstanding and caused religious problems as well as social problems.
 * Where: England, German States, Ireland, and U.S.
 * When: It started 1813, but was at a peak during 1835.
 * Why it was important: It led to a lot of people from Europe immigrating to other places, or people trying to smuggle it. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">37. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Poor Law, 1834 (p. 846) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Great Britain, 1834
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The law said that all healthy men, who were receiving help from the government, had to live in workhouses
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In these houses, parents were separated from their children
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This law was put into command because Great Britain wanted to control the costs of public welfare
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They wanted the poor people to move to a different place that had a higher amount of employment/jobs so they made life very unpleasant
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">many anti- poor law organizations were initiated by British women || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adina Hoffman ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">38. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Domesticity (p. 847) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1800s, Great Britain.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Women were beginning to do a lot of charity work which benefitted society immensely.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Group of Historians concluded with the idea that women's lives should revolve entirely around the domestic sphere rather than outwardly things.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Women should stay home and take care of domestic issues and jobs.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This prevented women from getting an education, participating in politics, or from working in professional careers.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unmarried women were even deemed 'legal incompetents' and the husband had complete legal control. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rachel Petrover ||  ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 24.1 Industrialization ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">39. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Second Industrial Revolution (and the specific new innovations, p. 917-8) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-the bicycle, a workable gasoline engine, a car, the typewriter, the telephone and countless other new technologies were invented by inventor/ manufacturers
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">40. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Outwork (new form of putting out work) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-the idea of doing some work in private homes that would usually be completed in industrial factories
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">41. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Second industrial revolution in Britain, Germany, the US (where is it growing, p. 919) || - During the Second Industrial Revolution, Britain did not really grow industrially. Instead they relied on older technology to produce industrial goods. - Even though Britain did trade a lot of goods, America and Germany were more successful during the Industrial Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">42. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Second industrial revolution in France, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia (where is it slowing, p. 919) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-France had some establishments (mining, textile, and metallurgical) and slowly industrialized
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">43. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">capital-intensive industry || - During the industrial revolution many countries were weak economically.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">44. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">white collar private sector jobs (p. 922) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-businesses employed secretaries, file clerks, and typists to keep track of business info-banks employ tellers and clerks
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">45. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">department store (p. 922-3) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Department stores were founded after the mid-century in the largest cities
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A department store gathered a variety of goods in one place kind of like the Middle Eastern Bazaars
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They replaced the single- item stores that that people entered knowing clearly what they wanted to purchase || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adina Hoffman ||  ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 24.3 social changes as a result of industrialization and reform efforts ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">46. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“Best Circles” (as opposed to the old aristocratic class, p. 933-4) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- The new upper class consisting of decedents of aristocrats as well as the newer millionaires from the ranks of bourgeoisie
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">47. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Upper-class women (p. 934)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">late 1800s in Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">acted upon specific manners and social actionsrecorder and kept carefully watch and record of activities, servants, and their children's development, physically, and spiritually/rebelliously
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">decorated the home incorporating new styles form the Oriental, Persian, China..
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">women over saw the care in of gardens, now dominating in popularity over parks due to newly imported plants instead of parks
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">elaborate dress including corsets and multiple skirts
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">set self apart form the industrial life around them with passion for music, piano and art
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">involved in religious and humanitarian activities
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this is important because it lent it self to a change in the status, obligation, and actions of upper class women in Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">And many women during the Enlightenment period - 1700s- hosted and started Salons ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">48. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Solid middle class (p. 935-6) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- The class right under the upper or best circle class.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">49. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Role of sports in Europe (p. 936-7)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Soccer, rugby, and cricket drew large audiences rooting for a particular team
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sports favored the reading public because the results of all games were reported in the newspaper
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Companies sponsored sporting events for advertisements
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Competitive sports began to be seen as valuable to national strength and spirit
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sports helped promote social order based on the distinction between the sexes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reformers introduced exercise, yoga, and gymnastics for women in order to strengthen them for motherhood which would help build the nation state
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sports such as mountain climbing became a popular middle class hobby that provided edification and fun
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The new emphasis on healthy and active lifestyles contributed to the development of the sense of an individual nation’s exercise of power and not constitutions and rights
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The names of the teams such as the Patriots and Nationals associated physical fitness with national strength ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brett Wolff ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">50. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">International migration (p. 937-8) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">people move to places that have had its native people kicked out
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">they move to these places because the places they lived in quicky ran out of rescues due rapidly growing population
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">people leave Sicily because all the wood was used for ship building, they leave and go to the US to at least find temporary work
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">many people (1/3 of the emigrants in Eurompe) left British/ Ireland due to the devastating potato famine and large economic crisis
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">many people leave Sweden
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">many jews across Europe relocate
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">many russia jews fled due to brutal persecution, burnig of homes, and killings/ murders
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">and many that survived moved to the United States
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">people decided where to migrate to based off how much prosperity the country seemed to have
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Australia, North and South America, and New Zealand were places that many people migrated to
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">railroads and steamships made travel easier
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">many people sent the money they made abroad back home, and it benefited their home country- by providing money for education
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">nationalist countries such as Poland, Hungary, Lithunaia disliked that the young people of there country were leaving the country, because all the young citizens with energy and vigor were leaving
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">but the people found the" magic money" coming form outside of the country very beneficial
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the people that left enjoyed the ability to start life again in a new culture
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">when people moved to different places they had to learn new languages and customs; they had to compete with the citizens of their growing cities for jobs and they were the cheapest form labor around, working in sweatshops
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">women who stayed home and did not have to learn languages, were sheltered form the changes in their new countries and leaved and interacted with people form the same country as them; but there children learned new things about the country in school
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this is important because it impacted the culture of new countries and its immigrants, an influx in population, and the economy of emmigrants native countries || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">51. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Internal migration (p. 938)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">late 1800s Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">more common than international migration
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">people move from rural to more urban places
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">countries with most urban cities- Great Britain, Belgium
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the city grew more than others if had more than 100,00 residents
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">some/ most migrants go back to farms to harvest, during harvest time
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">migrants who did not live in the city year round had jobs as cab drivers, masons, and at factories
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">people how did not live in urban places, made additional money off of making bricks, pottery, locks, and lace during the winter
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">for some hand-weaving artisans to keep there jobs as artisans and support their family they sent there kids to work in cities so they could ocntinue there jobs and there kids could help make money for the family
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> this urbanization changed society in Europe, by boosting the economy and population in cities, and adding another social class to the hierarchy in cities ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">52. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fabian Society (p. 939) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Fabian society is a small organization established in London in 1884.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Instead of focusing more on revolution, they were committed to a socialism based on reform and state planning.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The founded the Labour Party in 1893 in order to incorporate social improvement into politics.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Fabian Society originally began because of the uneven prosperity of industrialism. Also, the social problems began as a result of an upheaval of migration.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Therefore, many men and women began to flock together and believe in a scientific approach to social ills. They believed that study would eventually uncover the causes of the social dilemma and reveal a solution; this is what the Fabian Society was devoted to. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla G. ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">53. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Aletta Jacobs (p. 940-1) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Lived 1851-1929
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She was a Dutch physician.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She was the first woman to complete a university course in the Netherlands and the first female physician.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She was moved to take action by the many women in Amsterdam who were worn out by multiple pregnancies. In the 1880s, she opened the first birth-control clinic which specialized in promoting the new German-invented diaphragm.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She also fought women to have the right to vote. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella Cohen ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">54. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Impressionism (p. 944)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An artistic style that captured the sensation of light in images
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Impressionists moved away from the precise realism of earlier painters
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Some felt this new artistic style was outrageous while others enthusiastically greeted impressionism
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Present around mid to late nineteenth century
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">First used to criticize the work of French artist Edouard Manet
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Derived from Japanese influences and from an opposition to the realism of photographs
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Industry contributed to the new style as factories produced a range of colors that allowed artists to use a wider, more intense variety of colors than ever before
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This new artistic idea advanced the West’s ongoing borrowing from other cultures ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brett Wolff ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">55. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">South Sea Bubble (1720) (google this) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The South Sea Company, a British stock company, whose stock peaked in 1720 then dropped to just above its original price. This was called the South Sea Bubble.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">56. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Panic of 1796–1797 (google this) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-downturns in atlantic credit market- effected Britain and the US -bank of England suspends payments because english account holders were worried about a french invasion so they were withdrawing deposits like crazy
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">57. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Panic of 1825 (google this) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- A stock market crash that started in the Bank of England.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">58. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Panic of 1847 (google this) || * A crash in the British market in 1847
 * Robert Peel passed the Bank Charter Act which that limited the amount of "banknotes"--bills--that could be produced
 * You could only print more bills if you had the worth of money in gold and silver
 * When this law was suspended, inflation occurred and that is how the Panic happened. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hod Marks ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">59 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Long Depression (google this) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What: It was a major recession that used to be called the Great Depression (until the more commonly know Great Depression during 1929 came about).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was caused by the Panic of 1873 as well as many wars that preceded the Long Depression (i.e. Franco-Prussian War).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was also caused by the Gold Rush.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Where: It took place all over Europe and in America.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It hit Western Europe and America the hardest.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When: started in October of 1873, and lasted until March of 1879.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why it was important: This caused Europe to have tons of inflation for approximately 5 years.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Also, this whole depression led to the period of New Imperialism and the new economic system of Protectionism. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">60. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wall Street Crash 1929 (google this) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This crash was the most devastating stock market crash in the United States’ history
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is important because it indicated the start of the Great depression that would affect all Western industrialized countries
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The time that lead up to the crash was a time of wealth and prosperity
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">About 25 billion dollars was lost in the crash
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The crash happened because there was no regulation of stock exchanges in the 1920s
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Companies would overvalue their stocks and people would buy their stocks on margin (basically borrowing money to buy a stock with the promise of paying that money back later on)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The market then became too heavy and it fell || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adina Hoffman ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">61. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Black Monday, 1987 (google this) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On October 19th, 1987, stock markets around the world crashed.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Starting from Hong Kong and spread West to Europe and hit the the U.S once other markets crashed by a significant margin.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Dow Jones Industrial average dropped 508 points to 1738.74 (22.6%). This was the largest one day decline Dow Jones has ever faced.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Places like New Zealand's market went down 60% and would take years to recover from.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There was a Bull Market, markets would simply by others out to become incredibly large and traded. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rachel Petrover ||  ||