16.+-isms

=-isms= toc
 * European History**

**FRQ assignment**

 * due by Feb 27**

Choose **ONE (1)** of the essays from the pages on Industrial Revolution, -isms, Unification of Italy and Germany, and Imperialism and become the class expert on this essay/topic. .
 * Look up the answer and information about the essay in AP Central, in the textbook, online, any source you can find.
 * Write a fabulous 5-paragraph or more essay based upon what you learn.
 * pack as much specific information as you can into your essay in a well-organized way
 * Do MORE than the question requires – if it says list3 things, add as many as you think are main points, if it says use two countries, cover 3, if it gives a list and says pick 2, do all of them, etc, etc.
 * **Post your answer below** **before Feb 27**

Bugay || http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap03_european_history_28083.pdf || || || To what extent is the quotation above an accurate statement? Use specific examples from at least TWO countries. (2007 form B #6) || Kayla G. ||  || Artists Composers Writers || Moshe Markowitz || http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap07_euro_history_formb_q3.pdf || Feminists Irish nationalists Socialists || Ezra Splaver || http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap08_euro_history_form_b_q3.pdf ||
 * **Topic: -isms** || Your name || Link to your file ||
 * Evaluate how the ideas of Charles Darwin and Sigmund Freud challenged the Enlightenment assumptions about human behavior and the role of reason. (2000) ||  ||   ||
 * Analyze three examples of the relationship between Romanticism and nationalism before 1850. (2003 #6) || Ariel
 * **2003B (#5):** Compare and contrast political liberalism with political conservatism in the first half of the nineteenth century in Europe. || Jessica Griff || [[file:-isms FRQ.docx]] ||
 * 2002B (#5): Describe and analyze the differences in the ways in which artists and writers portrayed the individual during the Italian Renaissance and the Romantic era of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. || Rachel Petrover || http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/sample_b_eurohistory__18525.pdf ||
 * Analyze three examples of the relationship between Romanticism and nationalism before 1850. (2003 #6) || Hod || http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap03_european_history_28083.pdf ||
 * Contrast the impact of nationalism in Germany and the Austrian Empire from 1848 to 1914. [2004A -- #7] || Daniella Cohen || http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap04_euro_history_ope_38665.pdf
 * Historians speak of the rise of mass politics in the period from 1880 to 1914. Define this phenomenon and analyze its effects on European politics in this period. [2005 #5] ||  ||   ||
 * In the period 1815-1900, political liberalization progressed much further in Western Europe than in Russia. Analyze the social and economic reasons for this difference. (2006) ||  ||   ||
 * Analyze anti-Semitism in Europe from the Dreyfus affair in the 1890s to 1939. (2006)B || Adina || http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/repository/ap06_eurohistory_formB_samples_q4.pdf
 * //“In the second half of the nineteenth century, most European governments were conservative.”//
 * Referring to specific individuals or works, discuss the ways in which TWO of the following expressed the concept of nationalism in the nineteenth century. (2007 form B #3)
 * Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following groups challenged British liberalism between 1880 and 1914. (2008 form B #3)
 * Analyze the effects of nationalism on the Austrian Empire in the period 1815 to 1914. (2009 form B #7) ||  ||   ||
 * Analyze the development of the various forms of European socialism in the 1800s. (2010, Form B) || Michali Mazor ||  ||
 * In the late nineteenth century, millions of workers and intellectuals proclaimed themselves socialists, yet few worked toward the violent revolution predicted by Karl Marx. Analyze the major factors that account for this phenomenon. (2011, form B) ||  ||   ||

Terms -
for you to define as you like -
 * **__Section 21.4: Forces for Social and Cultural Change__**
 * 1) What did rapid urban growth and the spread of industry create?
 * 2) Identify theIndustrial Revolution.
 * 3) The industrial revolution depended on factory labor. From what sources did the laborers come?
 * 4) How long, generally speaking, was the work day?
 * 5) Identify working class.
 * 6) Identify the **Peterloo Massacre**.
 * 7) What did George Stephenson invent?
 * 8) What would be the impact of railroads?
 * 9) What two events caused “new modes of thinking about the changes in the social and political order? Explain.
 * 10) What “isms” emerged during the 1820s and 1830s?
 * 11) Where do liberals sit on the political spectrum? The members of the liberal classification include…?
 * 12) In what year would Great Britain finally abolish slavery in all its colonies?
 * 13) Identify **Socialism**.
 * 14) What two classes did socialists see society divided into?
 * 15) For what is Robert Owen known?
 * 16) What other men had similar views of society as Owen did?
 * 17) What did Claude Henri de Saint-Simon believe about “industry”
 * 18) Identify **nationalism**.
 * 19) Where were nationalist aspirations especially explosive? Why?
 * 20) What were the three largest national groups living there?
 * 21) What nationalities make up the ethnic Slavs?
 * 22) Identify the **Karlsbad (or Carlsbad) Decrees**.
 * 23) Who reigned over the “congress kingdom” of Poland? How did he rule both before 1818 and after?
 * 24) Who were the two leading Romantic poets?
 * 25) What poem became the most beloved at this time?
 * 26) What “Romantics” were associated with the darker side of romanticism? Their works?
 * 27) What is romantic nationalism?
 * 28) Who wrote //Ivanhoe//? || * Industrial revolution
 * Working class
 * Luddites
 * Railroads
 * Dual revolution
 * Ideology, -isms
 * Liberalism
 * Utilitarianism
 * Socialists, utopian socialists
 * Nationalism
 * Romanticism ||
 * ** extra terms: ** || * Jeremy Bentham
 * Thomas More
 * Robert Owen
 * New Lanarck
 * New Harmony
 * Claude Henri de Saint-Simon
 * Charles Fourier
 * Burschenschaften
 * Karlsbad Decrees
 * Lord Byron
 * Painting,//Wanderer above the Sea of Fog//, Friedrich ||


 * **__Section 22.2: Reforming the Social Order__**
 * 1) What was the debate about women’s role in reforming the social order?
 * 2) **Cultural Responses to the Social Question:** What were Romantic concerns about Industrial life?
 * 3) How did novels depict social conditions **–** give one or two specific examples.
 * 4) Why did culture (museums, theaters, literature) “explode” as a result of industrialization?
 * 5) **The Varieties of Social Reform:**
 * 6) Explain the religious efforts at reforming social conditions.
 * 7) Explain educational efforts at reforming social conditions.
 * 8) Who supported the notion of “domesticity” and who did not – what were their arguments?
 * 9) **Abuses and Reforms Overseas:** what were the steps in the end of slavery? What do you think caused nations to abolish slavery?
 * 10) Give examples of French and British imperialism. || * Social Question
 * Daguerreotype
 * Temperance movement
 * Opium War, 1839-1842 ||
 * **__Section 22.3: Ferment of Ideologies__**
 * 1) **The Spell of Nationalism**: Explain and give examples of nationalism in
 * 2) Poland
 * 3) Italy
 * 4) Austria and Germany
 * 5) Russia
 * 6) Ireland
 * 7) **Liberalism in Economics and Politics**: what did liberals of the 1800s want? Give specific examples of liberal causes found in England and Continental Europe.
 * 8) **Socialism and the early labor movement:** What were the concerns of Socialists in the 1830s and 40s, why did they think liberalism was inadequate, and what did they want?
 * 9) Give specific examples of
 * 10) socialism and women
 * 11) communists
 * 12) working-class responses
 * 13) **The New Historical Imagination:** How did nationalists and political leaders use history?
 * 14) How did Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) change that view of history? || * Nationalism
 * Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy
 * Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) ||
 * ** extra terms: ** || * Zollverein
 * Young Ireland movement
 * Act of Union, 1801
 * Corn Laws and Anti-Corn Law League
 * //What is Property?// by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
 * //Etienne Cabet// and communist
 * Karl Marx, Frederick Engels, //The Communist Manifesto//, 1848
 * Chartism ||
 * Chartism ||


 * **__23.3: Establishing Social Order__**
 * 1) If nation-building brought war and disruption to every-day life, how did governments “forge internal security?”
 * 2) **Bringing Order to the Cities:** Why did rulers reconstruct their capital cities? What kinds of things did they do to reconstruct their capitals?
 * 3) What impact did the refurbishing of cities have on the ordinary citizen?
 * 4) Why did sanitization become a priority for governments? What was done about it? Give two specific examples of changes made by specific countries/cities.
 * 5) **Expanding the Reach of Bureaucracy:** What was the purpose of a census?
 * 6) What was the intended impact on government decision making of the new statistics and empirical knowledge?
 * 7) **Schooling and Professionalizing Society:** What was the impact of the new statistics and empirical knowledge on certain professions?
 * 8) Why was there such an emphasis on education at this time? What changes had to be made?
 * 9) What challenges existed for educational reformers?
 * 10) What were the educational opportunities for women in the late 1800s?
 * 11) **Spreading Western Order beyond the West:** In what ways did Great Britain, France, and Russia revise their colonial policies after 1850?
 * 12) Who became the most potent colonist at this time?
 * || **Indian Rebellion** || **Jhansi Revolt** ||
 * When: || When: ||
 * Where: || Where: ||
 * Who: || Who: ||
 * Why: || Why: ||
 * Result: || Result: ||


 * 1) What regions did the French colonize?
 * 2) What improvements did the French bring to the areas they colonized? ***foreshadowing Vietnam War**
 * 3) Strategic commercial and military advantages remained an important motivation for some European overseas ventures. In what way would the building of the Suez Canal **be an example of this?**
 * 4) What, at times, made colonization a positive thing to the native peoples?
 * 5) What characteristic of Chinese society allowed for it to escape total takeover?
 * 6) What led to the weakening of the Qing Empire?
 * 7) Why did civil war break out in China? Results?
 * 8) Identify the Meji Restoration**.** *foreshadowing WWII


 * * Haussmannization
 * Louis Pasteur
 * Joseph Lister
 * Civil Service Law, 1870 (Britian)
 * East India Company
 * Taiping ||
 * **__23.4: The Culture of Social Order__**
 * 1) What led to the emergence of the literary and artistic style of **realism?**
 * 2) **The Arts Confront Social Reality:** What did the novels of Charles Dickens and George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) reveal?
 * 3) Describe Ivan Turgenev’s //Fathers and Sons// and Fyodor Dostoevsky’s //Crime and Punishments// and their impact on Russian society.
 * 4) How did painting change after 1848?
 * 5) What was the significance of Eduard Manet’s work?
 * 6) What was the importance of Wagner?
 * 7) In what ways did art become so important between 1850 and 1870?
 * 8) **Religion and Secular Order:** What was the debate about religion and nation-building?
 * 9) In what ways did the Catholic Church react to the tide of growing nationalism?
 * 10) Describe the social composition of church-going peoples.
 * 11) The **Challenge from Natural Science:** What was the purpose of Charles Darwin’s //On the Origin of the Species//? What was the impact?
 * 12) How did Darwin challenge Enlightenment ideas?
 * 13) What belief about men and women emerged at this time?
 * 14) **From Natural Science to Social Science:** What were the social science theories of the late 1800s about how society functioned? || * Realism
 * //Madame Bovary// (1857), by Gustave Flaubert
 * Ivan Turgenev’s //Fathers and Sons// (1862)
 * Fyodor Dostoevsky’s //Crime and Punishment// (1866)
 * //Kulturkampf//
 * Social Darwinism
 * Positivism
 * Auguste Comte
 * John Stuart Mill, //On Liberty// (1859) ||
 * **__23.5: Contesting the Growing Power of the Nation-State__**
 * 1) From the 1870s on, what two phenomena renewed fear among the middle classes that both the nation-state and social order might be violently destroyed?
 * 2) **The Rise of Marxism:** Describe “horizontal allegiances”.
 * 3) **The Paris Commune versus the French State:** For what reasons would strikes break out in the late 1860s?
 * 4) What events led the people of Paris to declare themselves a self governing commune on March 28, 1871? (**Paris Commune**)?
 * 5) How did the brief French civil war end? What were keys to restoring order? || * Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and mutualists
 * Mikhail Bakhunin and anarchism
 * Karl Marx
 * Marxism
 * Proletariat
 * Paris Commune ||

With the ascension of Kaiser William II to the German throne in 1888, what changes occurred? ***foreshadows events that will lead to WWI.
 * __24.4: The Birth of Mass Politics__**
 * 1) Through what methods did workers pressure governments and businesses for better working conditions and more voice?
 * 2) What were the workers’ goals?
 * 3) How did employers respond to their methods and demands?
 * 4) What new political parties “engaged the masses in political life by addressing working-class issues”?
 * 5) What theories inspired the emergence of these new parties?
 * 6) What country was home to the largest socialist party in Europe after 1890?
 * 7) Why did socialist parties appeal to so many?
 * 8) Identify the **Second International**.
 * 9) Why did anarchists promote the use of violence as a means of change?
 * 10) What was a woman’s role in these parties? Why?
 * 11) How were newspapers an important nationalizing catalyst?
 * 12) What strategies were used to sell papers?
 * 13) For what would William Gladstone be known?
 * 14) In what ways had Britain’s political participation expand between 1832 and 1884? Explain.
 * 15) How were the people of Ireland affected by this expansion?
 * 16) Define absentee landlord (use a dictionary) and describe what practices they were notorious for.
 * 17) Who is Charles Stewart Parnell and what did he suggest to the members of the British Parliament on behalf of Ireland?
 * 18) Who supported Parnell? Opposed?
 * 19) Identify France’s **Third Republic**.
 * 20) //Briefly// describe the Boulanger Affair.
 * 21) What countries shied away from liberalism during this period? What forces remained powerful in those countries?
 * 22) How had Bismarck disrupted the European balance of power?
 * 23) For what reason would Bismarck forge the Three Emperor’s League? Who would be involved?
 * 24) Domestically, what actions were taken by Bismarck to create a more stable Germany?
 * 25) In what ways was Austria-Hungary an authoritarian Empire?
 * 26) Again, who was the greatest protector of the Slavs? Why did Francis Joseph fear that nation?
 * 27) Why were the Balkans an area of such importance to Europeans?
 * 28) Identify the **Russo-Turkish War** and the resulting **Treaty of San Stefano**.
 * 29) Identify the **Congress of Berlin**.
 * 30) Describe the Dual Alliance and what will become the Triple Alliance.
 * 31) Russia was one of the only European countries without a constitution. What problems emerged as a result?
 * 32) What did writers Tolstoy and Dostoevsky have to say about matters in Russia? List their famous works.
 * 33) How would Alexander III come to power in Russia? As a result of how he came to power, what policies were implemented?
 * 34) Describe the Pale of Settlement.


 * **__25.1: Private Life in the Modern Age__**
 * 1) For what reasons did family life flourish?
 * 2) What led to increasing social tensions?
 * 3) What were the benefits and challenges that the sharp increase in population caused as the 20th c. opened?
 * 4) What did eugenicists favor?
 * 5) In what ways did a woman’s role vary across the continent?
 * 6) Who is **Friedrich Nietzsche**?
 * 7) Describe the new field of sexology.
 * 8) Who is **Havelock Ellis**?
 * 9) Who is Max Nordau?
 * 10) For what reasons did new studies of criminology, behavior science, etc. emerge?
 * 11) Who is Ivan Pavlov?
 * 12) Identify **Sigmund Freud** and **psychoanalysis**? ||
 * **__25.2: Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas__**
 * 1) Identify **Modernism**
 * 2) What role did positivism play in the late 19th c.?
 * 3) What beliefs came to replace positivism?
 * 4) Who is **Max Weber**? What did he foresee?
 * 5) Describe Nietzsche’s distinction between the “Apollonian” side of human existence and the “Dionysian” side.
 * 6) What was so significant about Nietzsche’s claim that “God is dead, we have killed him?”
 * 7) List the discoveries that shook the foundations of traditional scientific certainty?
 * 8) What was the importance of **Albert Einstein’s** work?
 * 9) List the new and competing artistic forms and their respective artists.
 * 10) In what ways did art serve as political criticism? ||
 * **__25.3: Growing Tensions in Mass Politics__**
 * 1) What was challenging the liberal status quo?
 * 2) What issue was on the minds of those within the Second International?
 * 3) Identify **V.I. Lenin**.
 * 4) What restrictions did women, as a whole, deal with on a daily basis?
 * 5) What was the impact of Bertha von Suttner’s //Lay Down Your Arms//?
 * 6) Generally, who worked for women’s suffrage?
 * 7) Where (what nation) and in what year were women granted the right to vote?
 * 8) Identify **Emmeline Pankhurst**.
 * 9) In 1905, the British Liberal Party won a solid majority in the House of Commons. What legislation did they enact in order to gain the support of the working-class?
 * 10) How was the **Irish Question** handled during the late 1890s both from the Irish and British perspectives?
 * 11) What kept Parliament from enacting the legislation that //finally// approved home rule for Ireland in 1913?
 * 12) What problems plagued Italy following unification?
 * 13) What steps were taken to aid in fostering a national consensus in Italy in the 1890s?
 * 14) Who is **Giovanni Giolitti**?
 * 15) In the decades leading up to WWI, what tactic was used by politicians to attract support and win elections?
 * 16) How well was this tactic received?
 * 17) Identify the **Dreyfus Affair**, include **Emile Zola** and **//J’accuse//**
 * 18) Identify **Magyarization**. What were the implications?
 * 19) Who is **Karl Lueger**? Describe his “politics of the irrational?”
 * 20) List the various ways Jews responded to growing repression and anti-liberal politics? Include identifications of **Leon Pinsker**, **Palestine**, **Theodor Herzl**, and **Zionism** ||