8.+Absolutism+-+West

Absolutism Western Europe Chapters 17.1, 18.3 toc =Terms:=
 * due 11-9
 * complete ONE (1) term - but it would be nice, and a good round up moment, for 7 of you to do two terms - pick terms that are related so it is easier to complete them.
 * WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!


 * || Term || Who, What, Where, When, Why it is important || Your Name ||
 * ||  || **Intro:** ||   ||
 * || 1. || Absolutism


 * What: A system of government that had a single monarch that had power.
 * Created as a result of the Wars of Religion. The people wanted a strong central government.
 * Believed in the idea of "Divine Right" -- that rulers are chosen by G-d
 * Where: Developed in France, and it spread through Europe. (i.e. Russia and Prussia)
 * When: 1600/1700s
 * Why it is important: This system dominated France until the reign of Louis XVI.
 * It caused nobles to lose power.
 * Peasants suffered as a result of this system, and many of their rights were taken away || Michali Mazor ||
 * || 2. || Constitutionalism


 * What: A system of government where power is shared between a ruler and a parliament made of elected representatives.
 * The authority of the monarch is limited by laws made by the parliament.
 * Believed that all men are created equal (versus Absolutism that believed in Divine right)
 * Where: Developed in England. Spread to Dutch Republic, and the British North American Colonies.
 * When: mid-1600s
 * Why is it important: It limited the power of the monarch.
 * This system is still being used in England.
 * It completely undermined the system of absolutism. || Michali Mazor ||
 * ||  || **Chapter 17.1** ||   ||
 * || 3. || Louis XIV, “The Sun King” ( 1638-1715)


 * Also known as Louis the Great
 * Ruled from 1643 but became the sole King of France and Navarre in 1661 and reigned for over 72 years (until 1715)
 * Was from the Bourbon line and believed in the divine right of kings
 * Sought to centralize the government, rule from within the capital, and to end feudalism
 * Succeeded in calming the power-hungry nobles by giving them the privilege of living with him in the Palace of Versailles (royal region of France)
 * By fulfilling these tasks, he created one of the first successful absolutist governments, rebuilding and establishing France’s government from the Fronde (civil war between nobles and government) while slyly weakening the nobles.
 * Under his rule, France became a leading force in Europe
 * Fought three major wars and two lesser wars || Kayla P ||
 * || 4. || // The Fronde //
 * 1) a series of revolts against Louis XIV
 * 2) took place in France from 1648 to 1653
 * 3) they posed a great danger for the crown
 * 4) they erupted when Louis XIV’s regent, Cardinal Mazarin, raised taxes on the people in order to make up for the deficit caused by the Wars of Religion
 * 5) significant because it traumatized Louis XIV so for the rest of his life he would make rules in order to avoid the chaos and uncertainty of those times || Jonathan Attias ||
 * || 5. || Cardinal Richelieu:


 * Cardinal Richelieu was born in September, 1585 and died in December, 1642.
 * He was a French clergyman, a noble and a statesman.
 * He was consecrated as a bishop in1608, and later became the Secretary of the State after becoming interested in politics. In 1622 he became a Cardinal, and most famously, King Louis XIII’s regent two years later.
 * Earlier in the Wars of Religion, he unexpectedly sides with Sweden because it is better for him politically, exposing himself as a politique.
 * He is often known as being the world’s first actual “Prime Minister”.
 * He is additionally famous for his excessive patronage of __#|the arts__. || Kayla.G. ||
 * || 6. || Cardinal Mazarin
 * Lived from 1602-1661 in France and Italy.
 * Was the suspected lover of Anne of Austria.
 * He helped rule with her and under financial pressure from the 30 Years' War, he ruled new offices, raised taxes, and forced creditors to extend their loan with the government.
 * A group of his opponents came to him demanding more power for the parliament and new taxes giving them more power. He responded by arresting the men.
 * Revolts erupted from almost every social class but he remained in power.
 * Fearing the revolts known as Fronde, Anne and Mazarin took Louis and fled to Paris where they compromised with the parlement.
 * The nobles sought to strengthen their power which was lost during the war while the monarchy was weakened. Mazarin carried messengers and forged alliances to strengthen his power. || Rachel Petrover ||
 * || 7. || Parlements


 * French high courts dominated by nobles
 * each region had its parlement
 * the parlement could not propose laws but they could review laws presented by the king and refuse to register them
 * the king could also insist on their registration
 * before the Hundred Year’s War there was only a parliament but after the war, the first Parlement was built just outside of Paris
 * from 1443 until the French Revolution many Parlements existed
 * under king Louis XIV’s power, the judges of the parlements revolted to gain power
 * after the French Revolution there were no more parlements || Emily Firestone ||
 * || 8. || Moliere
 * a famous French playwright and actor in the times of king Louis XIV
 * he wrote the comedy Tartuffle which made fun of contradictions in religion
 * Church leaders condemned his work
 * but he was protected by the government because they thought of the arts as a branch of the government
 * he was commissioned by a few aristocrats including king Louis XIV who commanded him to perform at the Louvre || Emily Firestone ||
 * || 9. || Academie francaise (French Academy) ||  ||
 * || 10. || Palace of Versailles

- King Louis XIV believed that in order to become an absolute monarch, he had to make everyone in France follow Catholicism. - He first concentrated on converting the Jansenists – people who were somewhat Catholic, but had many similar practices to Protestants. - They emphasized the original sin (the sin of Adam and Eve). They believed that one needed to receive God’s divine grace in order to achieve salvation. - Just like Calvinists, Jansenists believed in predestination – that God has already determined everyone’s life. - In 1660, King Louis XIV passed many papal bulls that restricted Jansenism. || Ezra Splaver || Cohen ||
 * The palace is a building in France
 * Started building in 1660s and completes by 1682
 * This palace represented Louis’s success in reining in the nobility and dominating Europe
 * The palace was massive and extremely beautiful
 * It housed many military officials, ministers of state and separate households for each member of the family
 * Louise conducted most state affairs from the palace
 * Versailles is not only famous for its beautiful building but also has a symbol of absolute monarchy || Jessica Griff ||
 * || 11. || Divine right and Jaques-Benigne Bossuet ||  ||
 * || 12. || Jansenists (and Louis XIV)
 * || 13. || Revocation of the Edict of __#|Nantes__, 1685-
 * In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Protestantism illegal with the Edict of __#|Fontainebleau__. He ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and the closing of Protestant schools.
 * After years of persecution, this Edict was the last straw for the Protestants. They chose to leave France, moving to countries such as England, Prussia, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
 * It had damaging results for France because many of the people who left were among France’s most skilled and industrious, and they aided France’s rivals in other countries.
 * The Edict also made Protestant nations __#|next__ to France hostile to Louis’s regime. || Daniella
 * || 14. || Bureaucracy


 * first took affect with the kingship of Louis XIV of France
 * in its essence it is government officials working together with each other in different places, all working for the king and accomplishing his goals
 * Louis supervised the different departments and it helped him make his power felt though out all aspects of life and government
 * he uses intendants - people he appointed directly to work for him through out his kingdom, not people who appointed themselves and ran there own office; there jobs involved tax collecting and army regulation etc
 * they worked on a more efficient way to collect taxes; and their existence greatly limited and reduced th power of rebels stirred by high taxes || Maia Groman ||
 * || 15. || Intendants


 * Officials who held their position directly from the king rather than owning their offices
 * Louis XIV chose an intendant for each region to represent his will against fixed local interests like parlement, provincial estates, and noble governors
 * The intendants supervised the collection of taxes, the funding of public works, and the arrangement of the army
 * In 1673 when Louis declared that the parlement could not vote against his laws, his intendants lowered local power over finances and insisted on more efficient tax collection || Dani Ditchek ||
 * || 16. || Jean-Baptiste Colbert:


 * The most important among the talented ministers who Louis XIV relied on for many things
 * These ministers gained fame, fortune, and even noble status from serving the king
 * Colbert managed Cardinal Marzarin’s personal finances and worked his way up under Louis XIV to become head of royal finances, public works, and the navy
 * Colbert used the bureaucracy to establish mercantilism
 * Under Colbert, the French government established overseas trading companies, granted manufacturing monopolies, and standardized production methods for textiles, paper, and soap
 * Colbert also financially supported shipbuilding to compete more effectively with England and the DutchRepublic
 * Colbert also spread mercantilist projects to Canada where in 1663 he took control of the trading company that had founded New France
 * Colbert, along with Louis, encouraged colonial settlement as part of their rivalry with the English and Dutch in the New World || Brett Wolff ||
 * || 17. || Mercantilism

-1667-1668 -Louis XIV against Spain, Dutch Republic, England, and Sweden -Louis wanted to increase his territorial holdings and extend his reach _he defeated the Spanish, but had to make peace when the English, Swedish, and Dutch joined the war -ends with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, with France gaining several towns on the border of the Spanish Netherlands (Habsburgs accuse Louis of aiming for "universal monarchy) || cherie || -1672-1678 -louis XIV fights against the Dutch Republic, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire  -wants Dutch to get out of the way of his acquiring more land in the Spanish Netherlands  -he also marched many of his troops into the HRE, which made German Princes want to join the Spanish-Dutch alliance  -but the French troops held out and it ended with the Treaty of Nijmegen, which gave a couple of towns in Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté to France  -(france has expanded its reach and influence into the netherlands, louis is denounced as a "Christian Turk")  -caused EXTREME taxes in France which sparked the biggest anti tax revolts of his reign || cherie || -1688-1697
 * Mercantilism is when the government is in control of foreign trade and economy.
 * It occurred in Western Europe from the 16th to 18th century's.
 * Mercantilism was a cause of many of the wars across Europe at the time.
 * It often motivated colonial expansion and caused the idea of a monopoly to form.
 * It can be considered economic nationalism- where it is a system formed by the government that allows them to have control over all import and export profits. || Talia Blumofe ||
 * || 18. || War of Devolution, 1667-68; (see also chart p. 629)
 * || 19. || Dutch War, 1672-1678; (see also chart p. 629)
 * || 20. || War of the League of Augsburg, 1688-1697 (see also chart p. 629)

-Louis against the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden, Spain, and England (<-- League of Augsburg)

-wanted to take advantage of the HRE's apparent 'weakness', so he takes two cities and then invades some small German cities of the HRE

-the League fights him off though and in the Treaty of Rijswijk, Louis had to return all his conquests made since 1678, except for Strasbourg

(he want a little too far, and ended up losing territory that would have helped him pay for the funds for the wars he waged because he'd be able to tax the people who lived there.) || cherie ||
 * ||  || **Chapter 18.3** ||   ||
 * || 21. || War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1713
 * Before Charles II of Spain died he named Philip the duke of anjou as his heir
 * However, at his deathbed, HREmperor Leopold I refused to accept this will.
 * The rest of the European countries fought over the various territories Spain owned in Italy and the Netherlands as well as colonies in the New World.
 * France lost many major battles.
 * Philip was recognized as king of Spain but was not allowed to claim the French crown (thus preventing the unification of the two countries) and had to surrender Spain's territories in Italy and the Netherlands to the Austrians.
 * France lost much of its stature after this war and no longer threatened to dominate Europe || Hod Marks ||
 * || 22. || Peace of Utrecht, 1713-1714 (need details, add in p. 692)

England changes to Great Britain, __#|Act__ of Settlement,1701 (google this) ||  ||
 * Treaty between France, England, Spain, and the H.R.E. ending the war of the Spanish Succession
 * Prevented unification of France and Spain even though both were ruled by Bourbons
 * Gibraltar was given to the British, the Spanish Netherlands (and the Spanish territories in Italy) were now given to the Austrians and became the Austrian Netherlands
 * France gave up several North American territories to British
 * Prevented France from becoming too much of a political power in Europe, no one country was “victor”, although some countries had more benefits than others
 * Balance of Power between European countries is essential for peace
 * France (and afterwards other European countries) formed the concept of ‘diplomacy”, or keeping good relations with other countries (ambassador) || Avi Alpert ||
 * || 23. || Louis XV and Cardinal Hercule de Fleury ||  ||
 * || 24. || House of Hanover, House of Windsor
 * || 25. || Jacobitism, Jacobites
 * Jacobitism is a political movement in Great Britain and Ireland to restore the House of Stuart's King James II to the Scotish, Ireland, and British thrones
 * The Name Jacobitism came from the latin word for james, jacobus
 * The Jacobites believed it was illegal for the parliament to get involved with monarchial succession.
 * In other words, Jacobitism was focused on restoring central power in Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland to the the correct leader. They were conservatives in agreeing that the way that previous monarchies were passed on, through hereditary succession. || Moshe Markowitz ||
 * || 26. || Sir Robert Walpole, First Prime Minister in England


 * 1676- 1745
 * England
 * Prime minister did not have any official meaning in law, but he is acknowledged as being the prime minister because of the extent of his influence in the cabinet
 * He obtained the job of first lord of treasury in 1721
 * He became the sole leader of the cabinet in 1730
 * He restored confidence in the government and maintained the Whigs in office || Adina Hoffman ||
 * || 27. || Patronage system or patronage machine

I hope you find them helpful, they are not required, just there for you to use as you like. ||  || How were France’s finances affected by the wars of Louis XIV? ||  || How did hospitals and the treatment of disease change in the 1700s? ||  ||
 * A spoil system
 * It is where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party. || Yitzchak Kaminetsky ||
 * ||  || Here are reading guide questions for 17.1 and 18.3 -
 * ||  || Here are reading guide questions for 17.1 and 18.3 -
 * ||  || ** 17.1: Louis XIV-Model of Absolutism **
 * 1) Louis XIV is one of the best examples of an absolute ruler. Explain.
 * 2) What phrase is he known by? Why?
 * The Fronde, 1648-1653: **
 * 1) Identify **the Fronde**.
 * 2) Why did these revolts never pose a real threat?
 * 3) What kind of impact did the Fronde have on Louis XIV and his subsequent policies?
 * Court Culture as an Element of Absolutism: **
 * 1) What group created Louis XIV’s biggest danger and toughest challenges? How did he solve this “problem”?
 * 2) What was the significance of the label “the Sun King”?
 * 3) List/explain the focus on arts during Louis XIV’s reign and explain why the arts were given so much attention.
 * 4) What was Louis XIV’s purpose in building the palace at Versailles?
 * Enforcing Religious Orthodoxy: **
 * 1) What stance did Louis XIV take regarding religion and religious conformity? What steps did he take to ensure this stance?
 * Extending State Authority at Home and Abroad: **
 * 1) Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert? What new economic policy did he endorse? Explain how he implemented this new policy.
 * 2) What impact did **mercantilism** have on French power and status in Europe?
 * 3) What was Louis XIV’s main foreign policy goal and how did he use the army to achieve it?
 * ||  || ** Chapter 18.3 **
 * The Limits of French Absolutism: **
 * 1) Why is the war over who would be the next monarch in Spain, the War of Spanish Succession, in the section about French Absolutism?
 * 2) What was the domestic impact of Louis’ policy of absolutism?
 * British Rise and Dutch Decline: **
 * 1) When you are done reading, can you explain Hunt’s main point about this section – in the late 1600s, the British and Dutch shared a ruler and close ties, by the early 1700s, Great Britain dominated the Dutch – how did that happen?
 * 2) Why did Scotland not want to support the succession of the House of Hanover as the English monarch?
 * 3) What were Ireland’s religious and political objections to the House of Hanover?
 * 4) What is the evidence that Dutch economic and political power dwindled in the 1700s?
 * Russia’s Emergence as a European Power: **
 * 1) List all the points of Peter the Great’s westernization plan:
 * 2) List all the points of Peter the Great’s reorganization of government that centralized his power/built power for the state:
 * 3) Explain the goal and extent of Prussian militarization (and locate Prussia on a map, p. 691, 701).
 * The Power of Diplomacy and the Importance of Numbers: **
 * 1) Explain France’s diplomatic service.
 * 2) Why was population studies so important to monarchs in the late 1600s and 1700s? (tie this to the book //Worldly Philosophers//)
 * 3) Why did wealthy urban people “hire men to carry them in sedan chairs or drive them [through the city] in coaches?” (p. 693).