13.+French+Revolution

Here are sample answers to the essays on the French Rev, Napoleon test

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=Terms: French Revolution =
 * due Dec 17
 * I recommend you read the textbook for this chapter but do consider using the review book after this chapter as your primary reading source.
 * complete TWO (2) to THREE (3) terms - try to stick to three terms in a row - that way you will focus on one group of terms, one idea. If you are running an A in this class, please do two terms, save the terms for those who need to do extra.
 * WRITE THE TERMS IN A WORD DOC AND THEN COPY AND PASTE THEM HERE SO THEY DON'T GET LOST AND SO YOU HAVE A COPY IF THEY DO GET LOST!!!

before 1789 after 1789 || * Before 1789, the Upper class protestors only intended to defend historical local liberties against an over-bearing government. -the medieval fortress/prison of Bastille (which represented the King's absolute power) was stormed by a group of craftsmen and salesmen (3rd estate, right?) CAUSE: -Louis XVI didn't really approve of the establishment of the Third Estate (the National Constitute Assembly) -he then dismissed the popular MInister of Finances, Jaques Necker -a mob of people stole a bunch of rifles to fight the king but they had no gun powder so they stormed Bastille to get some (plus it was a symbol of tyranny so thats another reason for storming it) -there were only 7 prisoners in there RESULTS: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-they capture Bastille <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-rebellion/revolution starts <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-the French now have a holiday called Bastille Day || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cherie || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- he tried to divide the taille capitation tax (land poll tax) more equally <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- he used loans and high interest rates rather then using taxes <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- he advocated loans for the french in the American Revolution <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- wrote a book that was the first public record of royal finances <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- he stop the rebellion in Dauphine. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- He provoked the storming of the bastille which led to its fall (see term before) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ariel Bugay || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Required a cash payment (cens), a portion of the harvest (champart), an inheritance tax (lods et ventes), an obligation to use the lord’s oven and mills (banalities), and an obligation to work the lord’s land for a certain amount of days a year (corvee) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Was more common in the north <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Peasants complained in the cahiers de doleances and in 1789 an Estates General meeting was called <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-During the Great Fear, peasants invaded their lord’s estates and burned the documents of the seigneural dues with much violence <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-in the Constituent Assembly, aristocrats renounced the seigneural dues and later persuaded King Louis XVI to abolish them (1789) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-in 1793, they were completely abolished signaling the end of feudalism in France (this is why they’re important) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla Petrover || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(look online, only brief line in text on p. 757) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Also known as the October March <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Active citizens were male their taxes had to be greater or equal to the local wages for three days of hard labor. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Around one in every ten active citizens was an elector. They commonly were taxed close to equal to ten days of labor. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Anyone who did not fit into these requirements were passive citizens. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They had no property rights or voting rights, but still had freedom regarding their liberty and belongings. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Moshe Markowitz || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">it completed the destruction of the monastic orders, abolished tithes and nationalized church land. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">some motives for it to occur are <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- the french government being close to bankrupt <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- the church owning 20-25% || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Moshe Markowitz || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Run by two groups: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Feuillants- “right wing” 165 members who were moderate members of the bourgeoisie who believed the French Revolution had achieved its potential. Supported a constitutional monarchy <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jacobin Club- “left wing” 330 democrats who distrusted the king and believed the French Revolution still needs to do more <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Started the left-right political spectrum commonly used today <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Was established after the end of the National Constituent Assembly and members from that assembly were not allowed to be a part the new Legislative Assembly. Thus, the two groups tended to have young, inexperienced members <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Was a failure> left an empty treasury and a disorderly army and navy || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla Petrover || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- middle and lower class men who formed a political group agaist louis XVI <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- August 10 1792 they organized an rebellion and attacked the tuileries palace where the king was. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- they called for a new election in 1791: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- This led to the first republic in france september 22 1792 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ariel Bugay || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Began as the club Benthorn formed at Versailles from a group of representatives attending the estates general 1789 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Moved to paris and changed their name to Jacobin Club because of the place they first met Rue St. Jacques <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- slowly the club began to grow and ended up with around 420,000 people all over france creating a powerful political network all over france <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Played a big part in the revolution and overthrowing Louis XVI || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ariel Bugay || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Held executive power during the first years of the French First Republic <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Because of the insurrection of 1792 in which Paris citizens demanded the abolishment of the monarchy, the Legislative Assembly suspended Louis XVI and created the Convention <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-all Frenchmen 25+ (includes other minor requirements) have the right to elect the deputies <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-was the first time that the French government consisted of deputies from any class who were elected by Frenchmen || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla Petrover || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-military leader Joseph Fouché was a part of this cult and lead a dechristenization campaign <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">CAUSES: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-anti-RCC was one of the big causes of the French Revolution <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-anti-clericalism becomes an official government policy in 1792, which allows for such a cult to form <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-GOALS: to again human perfection through Truth and Liberty and to exercise the use of Reason || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cherie || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Painting: Death of Marat by Jaques David ( <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">look the painting up online) ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avi Alpert ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Term – add the page number || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who, What, Where, When, Why it is important || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Your Name ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 20 Intro: ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bastille (and p. 754) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This was a fortress in France built in 1370 and was destroyed in 1790.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">King Louis XIV of France used the fortress as a prison and it symbolized royal authority.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The prison was used for upper class members of French society who opposed, angered him, or had said something bad about him or the government in public media.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On July 14th, 1789, French Revolutionists stormed the fortress in order to obtain gunpowder and military weapons that were stored and protected inside the prison. They needed these weapons in order to defend themselves against the violent attacks King Louis sent on his people.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They were successful in their attempt, which is known as The Fall of Bastille or Storming of the Bastille. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rachel Petrover ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Liberty, Equality, Fraternity || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Liberté, égalité, fraternité (the motto in it's original French)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The national motto of France.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Liberty- being able to do anything (as long as it does not harm others)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Equality- The law needs to be "the same for all, whether it protects or punishes." Every citizen should have the same eligibility when it comes to employment--you should get a job based on your talent and not your name.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">*I don't really understand Fraternity || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hod Marks ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Modern Totalitarianism || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A political system where the state holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of public or private life whatever necessary.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Was created by the Italian Fascists and Giovanni Amendola in 1923 in a positive sense to help the ruling family stay in power and help keep society clean and well run.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The concept became prominent in Western-anti communist political discourse during the Cold War era, in order to highlight perceived similarities between Nazi-Germany and and other fascist regimes on the other hand, and Soviet Communism on the other.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unfortunately, in this form of government, the leader has full control over the people allowing for violence and heavy aggression by the government if suspected for rebelling in event the slightest form. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rachel Petrover ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Model of modern revolution || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">After 1789, the French Revolution became the model of modern revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the French Revolution, republicanism, democracy, terrorism, nationalism and military dictatorship all became more modern and took their true modern forms during the French Revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Although, if the war had not involved the rest of Europe, then the Revolution might have remained strictly a French affair. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla G. ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 20.1 ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Atlantic revolutions || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Protest movements that arose in countries on both shores of the North Atlantic
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The revolutions were mostly successful. They spread the ideals of republicanism—the leader should be one who is elected rather than given the position because of hereditary
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They emphasized the ideals of the Enlightenment, such as the equality of all men.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They proved the modern notion of a revolution by starting fresh with a radically new government could actually work in practice.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Atlantic revolutions portray the paradigm shift of governments and societies based on the Enlightened ideas || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jessica Griff ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Revolution definition, p. 750
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By 1789, each province had separately declared its own independence, and therefore the Austrian administration had collapsed. Delegates from the various provinces declared themselves the United States of Belgium (a clear reference to the American precedent). || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla G. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Dutch Revolt, 1787 || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Dutch Patriot Revolt was part of a series of revolutionary actions that took place from 1787 through 1789.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It took place in the Dutch Republic, Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium), Poland, and France.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In the revolt, the Dutch Patriots wanted to reduce the powers of the prince of Orange.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, it the end, the Patriots were hurt in the end.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many Orangists attacked them and forced many to fled to other countries such as the US and France. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yitzchak ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Belgian Independence Movement p. 751 || # <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When Joseph II of Austria established Enlightenment ideas such as 1) the abolition of torture, 2) religious toleration for Jews and Protestants (although Austria was thoroughly Catholic), 3) the suppression of monasteries, he also implemented one that angered the nobles, which was that with the establishment of an administrative and judicial systems, many offices that previously had belonged to nobles and lawyers were eliminated
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Upon hearing of this, nobles/aristocrats got together and started campaigning against Joseph II because they did not like the new form of government and they by 1788 a secret society had formed small armed companies to uprise if necessary
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">By 1789 each province in France had declared their independence from the Austrian King and formed the United States of Belgium
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This enraged democrats who supported the new form of government and began to challenge aristocratic authority
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Aristocrats sided with the clergy and began to parade around Brussles carrying pitchforks, nooses, and crucifixes to intimidate the democrats but eventually the aristocrats lost and they went back to a monarchy under Leopold II || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jonathan ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">9. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Polish Patriot Movement p. 751-752 || # <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A reform party that sought to overhaul the weak commonwealth along modern western European lines with King Stanislaw August Poniatowski as their leader
 * 1) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Poniatowski saw in moderate reform the only chance for his country to escape the consequences of a century's misgovernment and cultural decline
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Opposed to the Patriots were the nobles and Catherine the Great of Russia
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Austria and Prussia did not protest to this movement because they were glad to see Russian influence in Poland diminish
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1788, with Russia in the midst of war with the Ottoman Empire, Stanislaw summoned a reform-minded parliament which outmaneuvered the nobles
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The parliament, tired of Russian overlordship, enacted the constitution, which established a monarchy with a strengthened authority, and ended the two-house legislature that was so often plagued with Liberum Vetos
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It also granted townspeople limited political rights, and was somewhat more tolerant towards Jews
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, these reforms did not endure || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jonathan ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Louis XIV || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Born on September 5, 1638
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was known as Louis the Great or the Sun King
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was king of France for 72 years beginning in 1661.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He attempted to establish an absolute monarch.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He thought he could because he easily can take over Spain because they lost a ton of money from Dutch, he has a strong standing army, he married an heir of Spain, and Charles II left in his will that Louis XIV’s grandson will be king. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yitzchak ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marie Antoinette || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marie Antoinette
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She was the queen of France and duchess of Austria
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She became queen after marrying Louis XVI
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The French people disliked Marie Antoinette, they accused her of being promiscuous.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Her subjects came to hate her after her alleged participation in the Diamond Necklace Incident.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-A crime committed when a group of people attempted to sell the necklace at a wrong cost and gain considerable profit.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">After this, she became known as Madame Deficit.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She is widely known for the time (when after many complaints from her peasants about not having food, while she ate bread) threw stale cake at them, immortalizing the unconfirmed phrase: Let them eat cake.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marie participated in the Flight to Varennes, an attempted escape from France to start a c counter revolution to the French Revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marie Antoinette was convicted for treason, and consequently executed by a guillotine.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She was killed on October 16, 1793.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many historians say that her reign in France truly began the French Revolution. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">12. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Assembly of Notables || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A group of handpicked nobles, clergymen, and officials
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">France’s finances were in a desperate situation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because of the deficit, Louis XVI believed that a tax reform would be necessary
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Assembly of Notables refused to help, so Louis brought his proposals to the parlement of Paris || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">13. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Parlement of Paris (and their role, what happens to them) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The primary judicial party under the ancient regime
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The parlement’s role, at first, was only judicial, but it started to gain some political power; this is because they were the ones who had the power to patent any royal edicts or letters before they became the law
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Parlements were abolished in the French revolution || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adina ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">14. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Estates General & 1st, 2nd, 3rd estates || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">last time meet was 175 years prior, now meet again 1787
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They acted as the French PARLIAMENT, or legislative body
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">it was composed of members, called deputize
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">divided into three estates/ orders each representing sdiffernt groups of peoplethe last General Estates meeting was in 1789 and the king agreed to allow the third Estate to have more members and power, even more power than the other two estates, this would help prevent-the other two estates form continually vetoing the thirds
 * first estate represented the clergy of the Catholic church, which owned 10% of the land in France, collected the 10% tithe tax; they represented about 100,000 people/ clergy
 * second estate represented the 400,000 noble class, that consisted of the noble families, that payed little to no taxes, yet taxed peasants on their land; the nobles owned 25% of the land in France
 * third estate represented all of the peasants, the majority of the people in France- 95%
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">but the king did not agree to change the voting style from voting by order to voting by head- see below
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this is important because the estates general represented the people || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">15. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Voting by head, voting by order || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">voting by order
 * each order only got one vote
 * the estates had the same amount of power, not representing the percentage of people they supported
 * let the first and second estates keep their power
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">voting by headthis was important because it greatly influence the distribution of power in the Estates General
 * each member/ deputy got their own individual vote
 * since the third estate had more members than the other two together, they would be given more power if the voted this way
 * they also could win the vote of some of the clergy, adding to there power
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">France, late 1700s || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">16. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Abbe Emmanuel Sieyes, What is the Third Estate? || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1789, Louis XVI of France doubled the amount of people in the 3rd estate (deputies who represented the common people of France).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">However, he did not allow every individual deputy to have his or her own vote (voting by head). Instead every estate would have one overall vote (voting by order).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many people were angered that the Estates general has to vote by order because now the Third Estate has less say. Therefore, there were many pamphlets written that were against the power of the First Estate (deputies representing the clergy) and the Second Estate (deputies representing the nobility).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One of the pamphlets, What is the Third Estate? by Abbe Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes had a tremendous amount of criticism towards the Second Estate. In this pamphlet, it explains how the nobility do nothing beneficial for the nation.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because of Abbe Emanuel’s pamphlet, people became opposed to the absolute government in France. The people’s opposition led to the French Revolution. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ezra Splaver ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">17. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">National Assembly || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Existed from June of 1789 to July of 1789
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The national assembly was composed of members of the Third Estate
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They took the power pertaining to taxation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They framed a constitution that limited the power of the king
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This meant that the power resided not with the monarch, but in the nation (through representatives)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When Louis XIV had their meeting place closed they met up in an indoor tennis court, the jeu de paume, and to not disband until a constitution had been drawn up
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">On June 27, Louis XIV finally legalized the National assembly || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adina ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">18. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tennis Court Oath || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a pledge signed by 576 of 577 members of the Third Estate, the commoners, on June 20, 1789
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Third Estate wished for governmental reform as King Louis XVI clung to his absolute monarchy. They decided to meet and discuss the reforms.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They came together at their assigned meeting hall, Menus Plaisirs, but found it locked against them and guarded by soldiers. Thus, they made a makeshift conference room inside a tennis court in Versailles.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">These men called themselves the National Assembly. They collectively vowed "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established".
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This oath was the first time French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI. Their determination inspired much revolutionary activity in the hopes of a constitution. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella Cohen ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">19. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fall of the Bastille || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-July 14, 1789 in Paris, France -it was the flashpoint of the French Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This oath was the first time French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI. Their determination inspired much revolutionary activity in the hopes of a constitution. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella Cohen ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">19. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fall of the Bastille || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-July 14, 1789 in Paris, France -it was the flashpoint of the French Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">20. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jacques Necker || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- French statesman and financial minister to Louis XVI of france from 1777-1789
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">21. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cahiers de Doléances (look up online) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1789
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A list of grievances which was brought to Louis XVI by the representatives of the Three Estates
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The equality of rights among the king’s subjects was the main theme in the cahiers
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This was a chance for each of the three states to express their hopes and grievances directly to the king
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They were suggestions of reforms || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Adina ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">22. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 20.2 ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">23. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Seigneurial dues || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-In France in the 1700s, these dues were the payments that peasants owed their lords in trade for protection
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">24. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Great Fear || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">July and August of 1789
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Period of panic and revolt among peasants and others amid rumors of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king to overthrow the Third Estate and rumors that nobles had hired bandits to destroy peasants’ new harvest and their homes.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Added to the rural unrest due to food shortages
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fearful peasants armed themselves and sometimes attacked manor houses or burned feudal documents. Peasants refused to pay seigneurial dues to their lords.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fear of a serious peasant insurrection played a major factor in the decision to abolish feudalism in France.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It led to a tax decrease and a balance of the class structures. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella Cohen ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">25. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">National Assembly approved of this on August 26, 1789
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Declared that: (only some of the 17 articles)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Men are born equal in rights
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Political association is present in order to preserve the rights
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can only be accused, arrested, or imprisoned by the rules of the law. You can't just arrest someone because you don't like them
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Innocent unless declared guilty
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Military is used for the benefit of the country and not for personal gain.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A general tax must be institutionalized || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hod Marks ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">26. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Women’s March On Versailles, 1789
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">One of the most significant events of the French Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The march began on October 5, 1789 when women who were in the marketplace started to riot over the high price of bread
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They’re actions became involved with other revolutionaries who wanted reforms and a constitutional monarchy in France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They found weapons and went to the Palace of Versailles
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The pressed their demands on Louis XVI and he returned with them to Paris
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This occurrence ended the independent authority of the king
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The march showed a new balance of powers which allowed the common people to express their opinions and needs || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">27. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Women || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She lived from 1748-1793
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A French playwright and political activist who fought for female and slave rights
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Wrote the declaration of the rights of women in 1791. She challenged the practice of male authority and fought for women to have equal rights to property and public office and equal responsibilities in paying taxes and criminal punishment
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She also became an outspoken advocate for improving the condition of slaves in the colonies as of 1788.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She was executed during the Reign of Terror for attacking to the Revolutionary government and her close relationships with the Girondists
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">She helped advocate for women's rights and contributed to the equality of women. Even if she was not able to accomplish it in her lifetime, because of Gouges courageous efforts, women eventually received equal rights || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jessica Griff ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">28. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Active citizen vs. passive citizen || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">During the French Revolution in France, Electors of the assembly were only elected by "active citizens"
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">29. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Departements || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Made by the deputies and abolished all other administrative divisions
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">There were 83 departments and they all had the same legal structures
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">All officials were elected and no offices could be bought or sold
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The departments are still a unit of the French state today || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">30. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Civil Constitution of the Clergy || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a law passed during the French Revolution that took power from the Roman Catholic Church and gave it to the French government
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">31. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">assignats || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Assignats were paper money issued by the National Assembly in France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Assignats were present from 1789 to 1796, during the French Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They were used to overcome a large portion of the national debt as they were accepted as legitimate payment
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Certain precautions not taken concerning their excessive printing caused hyperinflation
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Directoire issued Mandats, a new form of currency to replace the assignats, although these too quickly failed
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Instead of solving the financial problems, the assignats became a catalyst for many uprisings
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The inflation was finally solved by Napoleon in 1803 where the franc was the new currency || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brett Wolff ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">32. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Legislative Assembly || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-Operated as the French legislative body from 10/1791-9/1792 under the Liberal French Constitution-was the central location for political debate and the composition of revolutionary laws
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">33. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brunswick Manifesto || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A proclamation issued by Charles William Ferdinand to the people of Paris, France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was issued on July 25, 1792 during the French Revolutionary Wars
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It threatened that if the French royal family were harmed, then French people would be harmed too
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The proclamation intended to intimidate the people, but it actually spurred the French Revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ultimately, this proclamation led to the war between revolutionary France and counter-revolutionary monarchies || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brett Wolff ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">34. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">sans-culottes || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- Another political club during the French revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">35. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jacobin Club || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- The most famous political club in regards to the French revolution.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">36. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">National Convention || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Served from 9/1792-11/1795 as the constitutional and legislative assemblies in France-Was preceded by the Legislative Assembly and succeeded by the Directory
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">37. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">September Massacres || September Massacres
 * They were dangerous riots that were increasingly violent.
 * It occurred in the September of 1792, during the midst of the French Revolution.
 * They overtook Paris, and by the time it mollified, approximately half of the prison population of Paris was dead.
 * About 1,200 people had been massacred
 * Although the September Massacres ended, many uprisings would still occur throughout the years.
 * -Mostly against the Roman Catholic church. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">38. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Girondins and the Mountain ||  ||   ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 20.3 ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">39. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Committee of Public Safety || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What: It was an executive branch in the government.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It protected against foreign strikes and revolts
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was a very powerful branch
 * ======<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Originally, it was only meant to protect France, but in the committee became corrupt. ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Power was taken away from the Committee and given back to other branches once the terror ended ======
 * ======<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A lot of the people on the Committee were tried and condemned to be killed or imprisoned. ======
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Where: France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When: 1793-1794, during the Reign of Terror
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why it was so important: It gained control over the other branches and made important decisions regarding war and military.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">After its corruption, the Committee became a aristocratic branch.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This made people realize that the French Revolution had gone too far. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">40. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maximilien Robespierre (and his theory of revolutionary govt) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who: He was the leader of the Jacobins and became a member of the Committee of Public Safety.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Robespierre defended the Revolution and set out to destroy everything that threatened the Republic.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He wanted a more secular society.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was a lawyer and politician.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">His theory of revolutionary government is in short saying that:Where: France
 * 1) The government has to guide the nation morally and physically.
 * 2) The Republic must be preserved by the constitutional government; the revolutionary government must establish it.
 * 3) Upstanding citizens deserve protection, and citizens who do not follow the rules deserve death.
 * 4) Constitutional government is in charge of civil liberty and revolutionary government is in charge of public liberty.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When: He lived from 1758-1794
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why it’s important: He greatly influenced the French Revolution, and fought for the poor, a republic. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">41. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Terror || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a period of time known as The Terror or the Rein of Terror
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">harsh violence was used against any and all types of dissent and revolt
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the most popular form of violence/murder was the use of the guillotine || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">42. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Guillotine || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a machine with a heavy blade used to behead people
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the guillotine became the symbol of this time in the revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Marie Antoinette, King Louis XVI, alchemist Antoine Lavoiser, and many other figures from the time were killed with this machine || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">43. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“revolutionary armies” and conscription (p. 764) || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">during the French Revolution, it was required by law to take part in the revolutionary armies
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the French Revolutionary Armies served in the ancient regime under Louis XVI and in the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">their generals include Moreau, Massena, and Bonaparte
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">some principals of this army were “liberty, equality and fraternity”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">they fought with artillery, infantry and with cavalry || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">44. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The General Maximum || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because of the food shortage in France, The National Convention created the General Maximum.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The General Maximum set a maximum price for 39 different products.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because of the General Maximum, many people prospered because they no longer had to pay expensive prices for products. However, now, people such as farmers, bakers, and shopkeepers made less money. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ezra Splaver ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">45. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Republic of Virtue ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">AVi Alpert ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">46. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">De-Christianization || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many of the revolutionaries in the French Revolution wanted to eradicate previous cultures and form new cultures.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Therefore, revolutionaries tried getting rid of Christianity in a campaign called De-Christianization.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In this campaign, revolutionaries closed down or sold churches.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Also, people of the clergy were forced to marry, even though many clergymen vowed not to marry.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Extremists attempted to replace Christianity with the Cult of Reason. Robespierre did not like this cult, so he created the Cult of the Supreme Being.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Significance: Although neither of those cults became popular, Christianity was nevertheless degraded during the French Revolution. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ezra Splaver ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">47. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cult of Reason || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-atheistic belief system in France [intended to be a replacement for Christianity during the French Revolution] in late eighteenth, early nineteenth century-interestingly enough, they rejected the gods, but still promoted acts of congregational worship
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">47. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cult of Reason || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-atheistic belief system in France [intended to be a replacement for Christianity during the French Revolution] in late eighteenth, early nineteenth century-interestingly enough, they rejected the gods, but still promoted acts of congregational worship
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">48. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cult of the Supreme Being || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cult of the Supreme Being
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The cult of the supreme being was a form of Deism.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was established by Maximilien Robespierre (during the French Revolution).
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was created with the intent of becoming the new French, state religion.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Robespierre believed that reason was only the means to reach virtue.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He hoped to enhance Deism by ways of rationality.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The cult of the supreme being was an outlet created after the French started rejecting Catholicism. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">49. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charlotte Corday and the
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">50. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Vendee Rebellion, 1793 || * An anti-revolutionary rebellion directed towards the French Revolution’s demands.
 * In early 1793 the enlisted 300,000 soldiers by law from Southern France.
 * On March 11, 1793, four departments south of the Loire river revolted.
 * Under the new government, this region was paying more taxes then they had under the monarchy.
 * They also hated the anti-catholic policies of the revolutionary government as it was a deeply catholic region.
 * The situation became serious enough that the government withdrew 30,000 troops from the northern front to deal with the peasants. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yitzchak ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">51. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Thermidorian Reaction || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What: It was a revolt during the French revolution against the Reign of Terror.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was sparked by the vote whether or not to execute certain members of the Committee of Public Safety.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Where: France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When: 1794, during the month of Thermidor (hence the name of the revolt)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why it is important: It returned the bourgeois reformers to power.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It ended the Reign of Terror. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">52. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Directory Government ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avi Alpert ||