9.+Constitutional+Monarchy

Constitutional Monarchy chapters 17.3, 17.4, 17.5

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2. significant because at the time of Oliver Cromwell’s Puritan leadership he strove to silence all those who dissented from Puritanism (a sect of Christianity), and therefore forbade Anglicans from using the Book of Common Prayer 3. caused revolt from the stubborn Presbyterian Scots when it was imposed on them || Jonathan Attias || (look this one up in wikipedia) || ## lower house of the Parliament - In 1640, because of these new ceremonies, the Scots were angered and they revolted against England. - In order to raise money for the war, King Charles I of England called the parliament. - Since the Parliament did not think that Charles should have so much power and this is the first time Charles called in the Parliament for about 10 years, they were finally able to curb his power. - They removed William Laud from office, executed a royal commander, got rid of the Court of Star Chamber, repealed any taxes that Charles recently imposed, and they made a rule that the parliament has to be called once every three years. - Because of the Parliament in 1640, the power of the Parliament was strengthened and Charles’ power was weakened. - As a result, Charles and his soldiers attacked the Parliament, which resulted in a Civil war in England. || Ezra Splaver || Cohen || Cohen || - Presbyterians – wanted to have a Calvinist Church - Independents – wanted to be able to have congregations, but not have to be forced to follow any certain beliefs. - Oliver Cromwell, a member of the House of Commons was able to unite the Presbyterians and the Independents during the war. - The Parliament was victorious in 1646. - After the war, the Presbyterians were in charge of the Parliament, while the Independents were in charge of the army. - The parliament (Presbyterians) tried to break up the New Model Army (The Parliament’s army during the civil war), but soldiers (Independents) known as Levellers protested. - The Levellers then demanded for the parliament to meet once a year and to allow common people to be part of the parliament. They also demanded that any male head of a household is allowed to vote. || Ezra Splaver || - The Diggers were a group of Protestants started by Gerrard Winstanley. - The Diggers tried to reform the social order with a agrarian lifestyle (agriculture is the main part of the life style) - The Seekers were another group of Protestants - The seekers believed that all churches were false and bad and that only a new church created by jesus himself would be a good church. - The Ranters were created between 1649-1660 - They believed that god was in everything. - All of the groups were against the church. || Ariel Bugay || - He was generally tolerant to protestants. - He was elected a member of parliament in 1628. - He was on the side of the parliamentarians who defeated the royalist forces in the english civil war - His forces help bring an end to the Irish confederate wars. - He dismissed the rump parliament in 1653 and set up a new short term one. || Ariel Bugay || -because British King Charles II had no legitimate heirs, the heir presumptive would be his brother James, Duke of York who was publicly Catholic -the Anglican English establishment was scared that the land would become Catholic under James, and then the government would turn absolutist like the French government -The Popish Plot scared many Brits into becoming anti-Catholic -Thus, Anthony Cooper created the Exclusion Bill to exclude the king’s brothers (mainly James) from claiming the thrown (of England, Scotland, and Ireland) and catholicizing its lands -a group then began supporting Charles’s illegitimate son to become the heir once the bill was passed, but Charles would not call together the House of Commons to pass the bill. Smaller parliaments were shot down as well -“petitioners” requested for Charles to call the House of Commons together in order to pass the bill. These people later became known as Whigs -The court party was against the acceptance of the Exclusion Bill and they became known as Tories -1681- the bill was defeated when it was sent to the House of Lords -Importance: the bill affected the future of Britain tremendously because it decided who the heir would be> if the nation would re-catholicize or not; if there would be a change in the government or not || Kayla Petrover || -They played a big role in the development of the British monarchy by helping shut down the Exclusion Bill (which affected the future of Britain tremendously) -They developed from the Court Party and were originally called “abhorrers” because they abhorred the Exclusion Bill (which supported the exclusion of James as the heir) || Kayla Petrover || This needs to focus on the whigs in England! || * Established in 1834 -rich merchants (regents) named the stadholder through the Estates General -the stadholder was an executive officer in charge of defense and representing the state at all ceremonial occasions - most always a prince of the House of Orange -regents gain more control over people through the stadholders || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cherie || <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Need more here on what he believes. || * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who: He is a Royalist
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Term || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Who, What, Where, When, Why it is important || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Your Name ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 17.3 ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">James I || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Son of Mary, Queen of Scots who ruled England poorly.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">King of Scotland, Ireland and ENGLAND
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Believed in the divine rights of kings to rule
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Succeeded Queen Elizabeth I, after he death in 1603
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Married the 14-year-old Anne if Denmark which produced the next heir of England--Charles I
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Made peace with Spain and with the Noble class in his country
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">United Scotland and England under one banner
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cultural--loved Shakespeare and sponsored literature || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hod Marks ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles I || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reigned from 1625-1649 in England
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Constant conflicts between English King Charles I and Parliament
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Parliament which consisted of wealthy nobles were used to being consulted for government issues as a part of the parliament
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles I tried to assert his power over the Parliament but that led to a civil war. The Parliament forbade Charles from expanding his personal control
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1628 the Parliament forced Charles to sign the Petition of Right (see next term)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because Charles wanted to expand his power and the Parliament was constricting him of that, Charles did not call Parliament into session for eleven years.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Instead, Charles created the Court of Star Chamber, which would heavily fine people in order to support the king. He also instated a tax to support the navy
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Eventually, Charles angered the Scots and when they invaded, Charles did not have the funds to fight the war
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was short with funds, so he recalled Parliament only because they had the financial ability to support the king
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In exchange for money, the Parliament commanded the king and Charles had to do what they wished or else he would not have any funds.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles was a firm believer that kings have the divine power and therefore he plotted to arrest members of Parliament.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles’s quest for power and suppression of Parliament is what led England to a civil war which would lead to democratic political and religious movements || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jessica Griff ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Petition of Right || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Between the English king and Parliament
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Happened in 1628
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Petition contains restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced of housing soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The petition restricted the power of Charles’s monarch by limiting his ability to make his own decisions and be forced to listen to his nobles
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many disputes followed the petition and Charles forbade Parliament from meeting. This started civil war. Charles no longer had the financial support of the Parliament and could no fun the wars. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jessica Griff ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">4. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ship money || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A tax that Charles I of England created to pay for the defense of coastal towns during a time of war
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this tax was either payed in ships or the monetary equivalent to them, hence the name Ship money
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he created this tax without the consent of parliament
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">he slowly worked the tax inland which slowly created resent towards the king
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">one of the possible causes of the English Civil War, thus weakening the central power of England || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Moshe MArkowitz ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">5. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">William Laud and popery || * William Laud was an archbishop that was beheaded during the English Civil War for a number of reasons
 * one of which being accused of popery.
 * popery is a derogatory name for the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church
 * His enemies accused him of popery, and hated his idea of Laudism
 * The English hated the fact that he attempted to restore the Roman Catholic Church in England instead of the Anglican. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Moshe Markowitz ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">6. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Court of Star Chamber || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Court of Star Chamber
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was an English court of law.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It took place at the Palace of Westminster.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It consisted of common law judges and powerful English advisers.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> It took place around the year 1641.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The court was set up to be unbiased and fair in civil matters.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The sessions appeared publicly with evidence presented in writing.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The court was set up to punish powerful people for their crimes- for ordinary courts would not convict them.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Over time, Star chambers have been used to refer to strict legal systems.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It removes the power of politically motivated false persecution. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">7. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Book of Common Prayer (Anglican prayer book) || 1. the book used by the Anglican Church in their services
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">8. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">House of Commons; House of Lords
 * 1) Parliament is where representatives of each part of Great Britain get together with nobles and clergy to discuss legislative issues (similar to Congress in the US)
 * 2) Parliament was divided into two houses during the reign of Edward III; one house is where the nobles met with the clergy, and one where the representatives, knights, and burgesses, otherwise known as Commons, met
 * 3) they wanted to undo the royal tyranny of the 1630s so they removed Laud from office, ordered the execution of an unpopular royal commander, repealed taxes, abolished the Court of Star Chamber, and established that Parliament had to meet at least every three years, which is what in truth established constitutionalism || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Jonathan Attias ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">9. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Parliament of 1640 (what it did) || - The Archbishop, William Laud of Canterbury, in order to strengthen Catholicism tried to impose intricate Catholic ceremonies in the Church of Scotland.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">10. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cavaliers || * The people in the king’s army
 * Fought for the king during the civil war between the king and Parliament
 * The war lasted for 4 years (1642-1646)
 * It was an army of royalists (people who supported a monarchy)
 * Got support from northern and western England || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">11. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Roundheads || * Supporters of the Parliament during the civil war between the king and Parliament
 * The war lasted for 4 years (1642-1646)
 * They were called roundheads because they cut their hair short
 * Had the support from the southeast in England || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dani Ditchek ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">12. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">New Model Army || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians (supporters of Parliament) during the English civil war.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It was different than other armies during this time because it was responsible to serve anywhere in the country rather than in one area.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The soldiers were full-time professionals (part of a standing army) rather than part-time fighters. A soldier became part of the army because of skill and ability rather than position in society.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The army leaders could not have seats in Parliament in order to separate the army from the political factions among the Parliamentarians.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Sir Thomas Fairfax was Commander-in-Chief and Oliver Cromwell was in charge of cavalry.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They were victorious at the Battle of Naseby where they defeated the Royalists.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The kings’ army was not prepared for the strong New Model Army. Thus, the New Model Army was a major factor in the Parliamentarians’ victories. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">13. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Levellers || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A political movement in 1647 during the English Civil War which emphasized popular sovereignty (where the people are the source of political power), extended voting rights, and religious tolerance.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They composed a manifesto called “Agreement of the People” which expressed their beliefs.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They demanded that Parliament meet annually and that members be paid so common people can participate.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They published a newspaper called The Moderate from 1648-1649 and were pioneers in the usage of petitions and pamphlets to achieve their political goals.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They did not gain a lot of support because their plans threatened the supremacy of the Parliament. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Daniella
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">14. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Presbyterians and Independents || - In the Civil War between the Parliament and King Charles I, there were 2 groups of Puritans who supported the Parliament: The Presbyterians and the Independents.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">15. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Quakers || * Seventeenth century England.
 * A collective movement of Christians who found the ways of the church flawed and incorrect and therefore broke off from the church.
 * Called their followers "friends" and had a "friends Church"
 * Were persecuted and tortured for splitting off from the Church and therefore made the journey to start a new life for themselves in the New World.
 * Many of their priests were women and stressed the direct relationship with a universal priesthood of which everyone is apart of. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rachel P. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">16. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Diggers, Seekers, Ranters || - These were some of the English Dissenters groups which begun in the 16,17,18 century.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">17. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Oliver Cromwell || - Was a English military and political leader as well as Lord Protector of the commonwealth in England, Scotland and Ireland. (17 century)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">18. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rump Parliament || # a. Name of English Parliament from 1648 to 1653 where all the Presbyterians were removed, ~210 members
 * 1) b. Only the “rump” of the parliament remained
 * 2) c. Executed Charles I for trying to establish “an unlimited and tyrannical power” in England
 * 3) d. Abolished the English monarchy and the upper house of Parliament, established the House of Commons and set Oliver Cromwell as chairman of Council of State || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avi Alpert ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">19. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cromwell in Ireland || * Cromwell was the chairman of the council of State of the House of Lords
 * Cromwell was a big help in making England, Ireland, and Scotland a part of Great Britain
 * Cromwell went to Ireland in 1649 to pacify Anti-English rebels which resulted in a bloody massacre
 * he was sent by the English Parliament with their army to defeat the Royalists
 * his massacre left a legacy referred to as the curse of Cromwell which is used in association to massacre and prosecution
 * the purpose of his invasion was religious AND political (mainly religious though) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">20. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles II, The Restoration || # a. Son of Charles I (Charles I was executed by Rump Parliament)
 * 1) b. Restoration- The reestablishment of the English Monarchy after Cromwell’s death (1660), Charles was asked back as the king
 * 2) c. Charles II extended religious toleration towards the Catholics
 * 3) d. Charles II made secret agreement with France, where he would convert to Catholicism in exchanged for war funds, while the parliament refused to let an English monarch be a roman catholic so the agreement was nullified || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Avi Alpert ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">21. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Declaration of Indulgence || * A pair of proclamations made by James II of England and VII of Scotland in 1687.
 * This declaration granted a lot of religious freedoms in England.
 * It suspended penal laws that enforced listening to the rules of the Church of England and allowing people to worship in their homes.
 * It also ended the requirement of affirming religious oaths before receiving work in government office. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">YItzchak ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">22. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Test Act of 1673 || * Following the Corporation Act, The Act of 1673 stated that anyone filling an office, civil, or military had to do the following two things.
 * He had to take an oath declaring he was against transubstantiation— the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration.
 * He also had o declare that he received the sacrament within three months after admittance to office. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Yitzchak ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">23. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Exclusion Crisis || -took place from 1678 to 1681
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">24. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tories || - During the Exclusion Crisis (1678-1681), Tories became the political term for people who support the British monarchy
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">25. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Whigs
 * This party was made as a reaction to Andrew Jackson’s dictatorial policies
 * A political party in Scotland, England, and the United States
 * They supported constitutional monarchy and the role of the aristocracy || Adina Hoffman ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">26 || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">James II || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> The last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many leaders feared that James would pursue his love for the France monarchy and become and absolute monarch.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When he produced a Catholic heir with his Italian Catholic wife, leading nobles in England called William III of Orange, James II's son in law, to land an invasion
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">James fled England in 1688 (in what was known as the Glorious Revolution) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hod Marks ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">27. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bill of Rights || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1689, in England
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> was accepted by the Dutch rulers Mary and William( they are husband and wife) of Orange(Netherlands), allowing them to rule together with the parliament over England
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this documentation of rights, prevented the king and queen from raising taxes or a standing army without the parliament’s permission
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">from rejecting laws supported by both sides of parliament
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">to call parliament together at least every three years
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">it stated that the throne of England had to stay solely Protestant
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this bill of rights is so significant and important to the establishment of England as a constitutional government, because it was the first written recognition of parliament and ensured the proper elections of parliamentary seats
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">established a balance of power in England- ending all attempts for absolutism, setting England apart from the rest of Europe
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this is considered a major part and repercussion of the glorious revolution || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">28. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Glorious Revolution || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1688/ end of the seventeenth century in Europe in England
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">is considered the changed in government style from absolute to constitutional that occurred during the seventeenth century
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">after Cromwell’s failed attempted to revolutionized the English government, power was returned to the Stuart monarch
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charles the second ruled and disagreed greatly with parliament
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">when James II took the throne, the conflict continued
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Whigs and Tories alike despised his ruler ship, especially as a Catholic and invited marry(James’s oldest daughter) and William of Orange to dually rule with parliament,
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> they invade England and James II flees (there is some fighting in Ireland ), without much fighting and Mary and William rule with parliament
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> their invasion of England, the signing of the bill of rights, and mainly the establishment of England as a constitutional government are considered the glorious revolution
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">this revolution drastically changed the government of England, as it is still a constitutional monarchy today; it also led to the toleration act, mutiny act, and the act of settlement, and the bill of rights in 1689( see previous term) || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Maia Groman ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">29. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Toleration Act of 1689 || * took place in England in 1689
 * this act happened in the same year that William and Mary came to the throne
 * this act granted Protestants, Baptists, and Congregationalists the freedom to worship as they pleased
 * Catholics, nontrinitarians, and atheists were not granted this freedom
 * Anglicans remained the only sect included in Universities
 * the sects without freedom to worship as they pleased were forbidden to meet in private homes and had to register whenever they wanted to meet || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emily Firestone ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 17.4 ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">30. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Stadholder || -seventeenth century, Deutch Republic
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">31. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Benedict Spinoza || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Benedict Spinoza lived from November 24, 1632 to February 21, 1677.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was raised in a Portuguese Jewish community in Amsterdam.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Benedict de Spinoza, originally called Baruch Spinoza, was a Jewish- Dutch philosopher.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He lay the groundwork for the eighteenth century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. Although, the importance of his works was not actually realized until after his death. ‘-
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He afterwards became one of the known as one of the greatest rationalists of seventeenth century philosophy.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He also became known as one of Western philosophy’s most significant contributors because of his book Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes’ mind- body dualism theory. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla G. ||
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapter 17.5 ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">32. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tomas Hobbes
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">He believed in absolute monarchy, and did not believe in divine right.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">He tutored Charles II (future king)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">He wrote the //Leviathan.//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Where: lived in England
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">When: He lived from 1588-1679
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why he is important: John Locke’s writings were a response to Thomas Hobbes’ ideas, and many other philosophers wrote works in response to his theories.
 * <span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">He established the foundation for the social contract theory || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">33. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">John Locke

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Need more here on what he believes. || * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Who: A philosopher and physician; an extremely important Enlightenment thinker. -informal meetings frequently held in private residences -organized, hosted, and presided over by a socially distinguished women -authors and philosophers and intellectuals of all kinds would gather to discuss their ideas -encouraged women to write -enhanced the culture of France (especially in the literary area) -threatened the power of the government, but not enough for the government to act upon it || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">cherie ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Known as the Father of Liberal Classism
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Disagreed with Hobbes’ beliefs
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Wrote his book, //Two Treatise of Government.//
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Believed that
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Where: England
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">When: 1632-1704
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Why he is important: He is important because he started many ideals that Jefferson (in U.S.) was inspired by.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Also, helped develop social contract theory. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Michali Mazor ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">34. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Social Contract || * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The social contract is a theory or model that addresses the questions of the origin of society and the amount of authority that the state has over an individual.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It originated during the Age of Enlightenment, and became a leading doctrine of political legitimacy in the mid- seventeenth century through the early nineteenth century.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">An important aspect of the social contract is the relation and differences between natural and legal rights.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Among the most prominent theorists behind the social contract and natural rights were Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kayla G. ||
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">35. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Salons || -seventeenth century France
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">36. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Classicism || Classicism
 * Referring to art, Classicism is a portrayal of an idea in a cultural, proper, way- Hence, art.
 * Classicists, ( participants in Classicism) seek to be proper and unemotional.
 * Classicism occurred all over, from Western Europe to even China.
 * Most art and traditions use Classicism - refined portraits and formal traditions.
 * Classism was at its strongest during modernism and the Age of Enlightenment.
 * Monarchs such as Louis XIV used Classicism as propaganda to glorify themselves and assert authority. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Talia Blumofe ||
 * 37. || Philosophe || * Eighteenth century France.
 * Literary men, scientists, or thinkers whose views were diverged but in spite of this, were united in their conviction of the supremacy of the human race.
 * Searched for weakening or flaws in the monarchy and government and supported social, economic, and political reform.
 * Were open to the mindset of Enlightenment. Supported secular thought.
 * Was inspired by Rene Descartes, the freethinkers, and by Bernard de Fontanelle || Rachel P. ||